青
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Translingual
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| Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character
青 (Kangxi radical 174, 靑+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 手一月 (QMB), four-corner 50227, composition ⿱龶月)
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/靑
- 倩, 凊, 啨, 埥, 婧, 崝, 情, 掅, 清, 猜, 晴, 腈, 棈, 𭴼, 睛, 碃, 精, 綪(𬘬), 蜻, 請(请), 錆(锖), 郬, 寈, 菁, 箐, 圊
Related characters
- 靑 (Orthodox form in Kangxi dictionary, preferred form in Korean hanja)
References
- KangXi: not present, would follow page 1381, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42564
- Dae Jaweon: page 1893, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4046, character 1
- Unihan data for U+9752
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 青 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
| Bronze inscriptions | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |  |  |  |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 猜 | *sʰlɯː |
| 輤 | *sʰleːns |
| 綪 | *sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ |
| 倩 | *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs |
| 棈 | *sʰleːns |
| 蒨 | *sʰeːns |
| 篟 | *sʰeːns |
| 生 | *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs |
| 牲 | *sreŋ |
| 笙 | *sreŋ |
| 甥 | *sreŋ |
| 鉎 | *sreŋ, *sleːŋ |
| 珄 | *sreŋ |
| 鼪 | *sreŋ, *sreŋs |
| 猩 | *sreŋ, *seːŋ |
| 狌 | *sreŋ |
| 眚 | *sreŋʔ |
| 貹 | *sreŋs |
| 崝 | *zreːŋ |
| 精 | *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs |
| 菁 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 鶄 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 蜻 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 鼱 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 婧 | *ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ |
| 睛 | *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ |
| 箐 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 聙 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 旌 | *ʔsleŋ |
| 清 | *sʰleŋ |
| 圊 | *sʰleŋ |
| 請 | *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ |
| 凊 | *sʰleŋs |
| 䝼 | *zleŋs, *zleŋ |
| 靚 | *zleŋs |
| 情 | *zleŋ |
| 晴 | *zleŋ |
| 夝 | *zleŋ |
| 靜 | *zleŋʔ |
| 靖 | *zleŋʔ |
| 睲 | *seŋʔ, *seːŋs |
| 惺 | *seŋʔ, *seːŋ |
| 性 | *sleŋs |
| 姓 | *sleŋs |
| 靗 | *l̥ʰeŋs |
| 鯖 | *ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ |
| 青 | *sʰleːŋ |
| 靘 | *sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs |
| 掅 | *sʰleːŋs |
| 胜 | *sleːŋ |
| 曐 | *sleːŋ |
| 星 | *sleːŋ |
| 鮏 | *sleːŋ |
| 腥 | *seːŋ, *seːŋs |
| 鯹 | *seːŋ |
| 醒 | *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs |
| 篂 | *seːŋ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 生 (“growth of plants”) + 丹 (“cinnabar”). Cinnabar was used for dyeing, and by extension, came to imply “color” in general, giving the combined meaning “color of growing plants” → “blue-green”.
In the modern glyph, the top component is reduced to 龶, and the bottom component resembles the unrelated 月 (“moon”).
The second-round simplified form of the character is based on the calligraphic form of the character.
Etymology 1
| trad. | 青/靑 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 青 | |
| 2nd round simp. | 𰀈 | |
| alternative forms | 寈 㞭 𡗡 𡴏 𡴑 寈 㞭 𡗡 𡴏 𡴑 𡷉 𤯝 𤯞 | |
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, “green; blue”), 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “surname”). Note 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ) may be an old dialect variant of 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
青
- blue-green; blue (of sky, stone etc.); green (of grass, plants, mountain etc.)
- 青天 ― qīngtiān ― blue sky
- 青筋 ― qīngjīn ― blue veins
- 青草 ― qīngcǎo ― green grass
- 青山綠水／青山绿水 ― qīngshānlǜshuǐ ― green hills and rivers
- blue-green ("grue")-colored items
- green grass
- 踏青 ― tàqīng ― to go on an outing to the countryside during spring
- crops that have not yet ripened
- 青黃不接／青黄不接 ― qīnghuángbùjiē ― (please add an English translation of this example)
- green grass
- black (of hair, cloth, silk thread etc.)
- 青絲／青丝 ― qīngsī ― black hair
- (Min Nan) green
- 青紅燈／青红灯 [Hokkien] ― chheⁿ-âng-teng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― traffic light
- (Hong Kong) lime green
- 青BB [Cantonese] ― ceng1 bi1 bi1 [Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this example)
- young; adolescent
- 青年 ― qīngnián ― youth; adolescence
- 青春 ― qīngchūn ― youth
- Short for 青年 (qīngnián).
- 老中青 ― lǎozhōngqīng ― the old, the middle-aged and the young
- 知青 ― zhīqīng ― zhiqing, ""educated youth"
- 覺青／觉青 ― juéqīng ― "politically-awakened youth"
- (literary, obsolete) east
- (literary, obsolete) spring
- Short for 青海 (Qīnghǎi, “Qinghai Province”).
- 青藏鐵路／青藏铁路 ― Qīng Zàng tiělù ― Qinghai-Tibet Railway
- a surname
Usage notes
The meaning for “blue” and “black” is more commonly used in Classical Chinese, while in modern Chinese, the meaning for “green” is more common. In fact, 青 covered both green and blue ("grue") until modern times. For example, 青山綠水 (“hill or water green in color”), 青蘋果 (“green apple”). However, there are still some expressions for the meaning of blue, e.g. 青天 (“blue sky”), 青出於藍 (“blue comes from indigo; someone performing better than their teacher”)
In Cantonese, the use of 青 to mean “black” is still used in circumstances where to use 黑 (hak1) would be inauspicious, as it is a near-homophone of 乞 (hat1, “beggar”). For example, 黑衣 (hak1 ji1) used to describe clothing would be a near-homophone of both beggar and a beggar's garment.
See also
- 藍／蓝 (lán)
- 蒼／苍 (cāng)
- 紺／绀 (gàn)
- 碧 (bì)
Compounds
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Descendants
- → Japanese: 青 (sei)
Others:
- → Tocharian B: tseṃ m (“blue”), tseñña f
- → Vietnamese: xanh (“green”)
Pronunciation 2
Definitions
青
- Alternative form of 菁 (jīng).
- Used in 青青 (qīngqīng).
Etymology 2
| trad. | 青 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 青 | |
Pronunciation
Definitions
青
- (Hokkien) Alternative form of 鮮 (chhiⁿ)
- fresh
- 我欲尚青的現撈仔 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
- From: 2014, 浩角翔起 (lyricist 浩子), 媽媽的菜
- góa beh siōng chhiⁿ ê hiān-lâu-á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
- I want the freshest catch
我欲尚青的现捞仔 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]- 吃遍了山珍海味 寶島上青 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
- From: 2017, 蔡佳麟 (lyricist 郭之儀), 人情味
- Chia̍h phiàn liáu san-tin-hái-bī, Pó-tó siōng chhiⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
- After eating all kinds of delicacies, Formosa's are the freshest
吃遍了山珍海味 宝岛上青 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
- (of clothes) bright; pretty; neat
- 洋裝青青 歡喜要來去約會 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
- From: 1991, 羅時豐／罗时丰 and 李芳雯 (lyricist 李子恆), 西北雨請你慢且落
- iûⁿ-chong chhiⁿ--chhiⁿ, hoaⁿ-hí beh lâi-khì iok-hōe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
- With a pretty suit, happy to go to a date
洋装青青 欢喜要来去约会 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
- fresh
References
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04499
- “青”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #4515”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Shinjitai | 青 |
Kyūjitai | 靑 |
Kanji
(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)
- green
- blue
- immature, unripe, young
- publication, record
- east
- cyan
Readings
- Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō †)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
- Sō-on: しい (shii)
- Kun: あお (ao, 青, Jōyō)←あを (awo, historical); あおい (aoi, 青い, Jōyō)←あをい (awoi, historical); さお (sao, 青)←さを (sawo, historical)
- Nanori: お (o); きよ (kiyo); はる (haru)
Compounds
- 青青 (seisei)
- 青果 (seika, “produce, fruits and vegetables”)
- 青化法 (seikahō)
- 青雲 (seiun)
- 青眼 (seigan)
- 青酸 (seisan, “hydrocyanic acid”)
- 青山 (seizan)
- 青史 (seishi)
- 青磁 (seiji)
- 青春 (seishun)
- 青松 (seishō)
- 青天 (seiten)
- 青銅 (seidō)
- 青年 (seinen)
- 青嵐 (seiran)
- 青竜 (seiryū)
- 青竜 (seiryō)
- 青竜 (shōryū)
- 汗青 (kansei)
- 殺青 (sassei)
- 丹青 (tansei)
- 瀝青 (rekisei, “bitumen”)
- 群青 (gunjō, “ultramarine”)
- 紺青 (konjō)
- 緑青 (rokushō)
- 刺青 (irezumi, “tattoo, tattooing”)
- 万年青 (omoto)
- 青菜 (chintsai)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 青 |
| あお Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 靑 (kyūjitai) |
/sawo/ (uncertain, may be compound as opposed to root) → /awo/ → /ao/
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *awo.[1]
Appears as the latter part in older compounds with an -s- infix or prefix. It is unclear if this leading /s/ is indicative of an earlier form (sawo), or if this was an addition for euphony to avoid vowel clusters, or for other reasons. This /s/ is also seen in 雨 (ame, “rain”, becoming same in old compounds) and 稲 (ine, “rice”, becoming shine in old compounds).
Given that this /s/ only ever appears interstitially, and given the semantics, this /s/ may be cognate with Korean interfix ㅅ (-s-) used to mark possession; compare German -s-.
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) あお [áꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
- IPA(key): [a̠o̞]
Audio (file)
- (Kyoto) あお [àóꜜ][3]
Noun
青 • (ao) ←あを (awo)?
- blue
- one of three primary colors
- a shade of blue to blue green
- (dated) green
- 青林檎
- ao ringo
- green apple
- 青林檎
- Short for 青信号 (ao-shingō): green light (traffic light color, as the color of plants)
- Antonym: 赤 (aka)
- the black, bluish color of a horse's hair; also, such a horse
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 39)[4]
- Auo. アヲ (青) 馬の毛色で, 全体に黒くて青みがあり, 両耳の内側に多少白いところのあるもの. この部分の毛も他の部分と同じようにすっかり黒い時には, Curo(黒)と呼ばれる.
- Synonym: 青毛 (aoge)
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 39)[4]
- (card games) Short for 青短, 青丹 (aotan): one of the three hanafuda cards bearing a blue 短冊 (tanzaku, “narrow card used for poetry”); a 役 (yaku) of the three aotan cards, worth 3 points
- (card games) a blue card in 天正カルタ (Tenshō karuta)
- Short for 青本 (aohon): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}. - Short for 青銭 (aosen): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Derived terms
- 青い (aoi): blue (adjective)
- 青青 (aoao)
- 青嵐 (ao-arashi)
- 藍 (ai, “indigo”)
- 青海原 (ao-unabara)
- 青馬 (aouma)
- 青黴 (aokabi)
- 青桐 (aogiri)
- 青草 (aokusa)
- 青雲 (aokumo), 青雲 (aogumo)
- 青写真 (ao-jashin)
- 青信号 (ao-shingō, “green light”)
- 青筋 (aosuji)
- 青空 (aozora)
- 青田 (aota)
- 青竹 (aotake), 青竹 (aodake)
- 青短, 青丹 (aotan)
- 青菜 (aona)
- 青嶺 (aone)
- 青虫 (aomushi)
- 青物 (aomono)
- 青柳 (aoyagi)
- 青山 (aoyama)
- 真青 (masao), 真っ青 (massao)
Proverb
- 青は藍より出でて藍より青し (ao wa ai yori idete ai yori aoshi)
See also
| 白 (shiro) | 灰色 (haiiro), 鼠色 (nezumiiro) (dated) | 黒 (kuro) |
| 赤 (aka); 深紅 (shinku), クリムゾン (kurimuzon), 紅色 (beniiro), 紅色 (kurenaiiro), 茜色 (akaneiro) | オレンジ (orenji), 橙色 (daidaiiro); 茶色 (chairo), 褐色 (kasshoku) | 黄色 (kiiro); クリーム色 (kurīmuiro) |
| 黄緑 (kimidori) | 緑 (midori), 青 (ao) (dated) | 若緑 (wakamidori) |
| シアン (shian); 鴨の羽色 (kamo no hane iro) | 水色 (mizuiro) | 青 (ao) |
| 菫色 (sumireiro); 藍色 (aiiro), インジゴ (injigo) | マゼンタ (mazenta); 紫 (murasaki) | ピンク (pinku), 桃色 (momoiro) |
Prefix
青 • (ao-) ←あを (awo)?
- unripe, young
Derived terms
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Proper noun
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
- Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
- Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Etymology 2
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..
Pronunciation
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Noun
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
- the color blue
Proper noun
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
- Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
- Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Etymology 3
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.. The reading might be an obscure term from Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. or dialect. The use of the character Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. arises from its Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..[5]
Pronunciation
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Noun
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
- Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. a beast that looks like a weasel, and is said to have lived in present-day Fukuoka and Yamaguchi prefectures
- Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. a beast that looks like a wolf, and is said to have appeared around Mount Yoshino
References
- Thomas Pellard. Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013.
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 2002, 京阪系アクセント辞典 (A Dictionary of Tone on Words of the Keihan-type Dialects) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Bensei, →ISBN
- Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
- 1988, Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Korean
Hanja
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
- Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
References
- Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information., Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information., Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 42.
Vietnamese
Han character
Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
- green
- blue
References
- Nom Foundation