靈修

靈修

Chinese

		alert; departed soul; efficacious alert; departed soul; efficacious; quick; effective; intelligence	to decorate; to embellish; to repair to decorate; to embellish; to repair; to build; to study; to write; to cultivate
trad. (靈修)		靈	修
simp. (灵修)		灵	修
alternative forms		靈脩／灵脩

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): língxiū

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄡ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ling⁴ sau¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lìn-siû
• Min Nan (POJ): lêng-siu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: língxiū
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄡ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lingshiou
    • Tongyong Pinyin: língsiou
    • Wade–Giles: ling2-hsiu1
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵ ɕjoʊ̯⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ling⁴ sau¹
    • Yale: lìhng sāu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴ sau¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴ seo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹ sɐu̯⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìn-siû
    • Hakka Romanization System: linˇ xiu´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lin² xiu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹ ɕi̯u²⁴/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-siu
    • Tâi-lô: lîng-siu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lengsiw
    • IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɕiu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɕiu³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɕiu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɕiu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɕiu⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /leŋ  sɨu/

Rime
Character	靈	修
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	青 (125)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	郎丁切	息流切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/leŋ/	/sɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/leŋ/	/siu/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛŋ/	/siəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjŋ/	/suw/
Li Rong	/leŋ/	/siu/
Wang Li	/lieŋ/	/sĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/lieŋ/	/si̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng	xiū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling4	sau1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤeŋ  s-liw/

  (Zhengzhang): /*reːŋ  slɯw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	靈	修
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng	xiū
Middle Chinese	‹ leng ›	‹ sjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁeŋ/	/*s-liw/
English	supernatural	adorn
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	靈	修
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8259	15475
Phonetic component	霝	攸
Rime group	耕	幽
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	靈	脩
Old Chinese	/*reːŋ/	/*slɯw/

Noun

靈修

1. (literary) wise and insightful person
2. (literary, figuratively) king; ruler
3. (literary) god; goddess