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单词 雅
释义

雅

雅 U+96C5, 雅
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96C5
← 雄
[U+96C4]		CJK Unified Ideographs集 →
[U+96C6]

Translingual

Han character

雅 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4 in Chinese, 隹+5 in Japanese, 12 strokes in Chinese, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一竹人土 (MHOG), four-corner 70214, composition ⿰牙隹)

Derived characters

  • 𠾒, 𡡳, 𪷐, 蕥

References

  • KangXi: page 1365, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41973
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1869, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4094, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+96C5

Chinese

trad.雅
simp. #雅

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
邪*ljaː, *laː
衺*ljaː
牙*ŋraː
芽*ŋraː
齖*ŋraː, *ŋraːs
呀*ŋraː, *hŋraː
枒*ŋraː, *ŋraːs
雅*ŋraːʔ
厊*ŋraːʔ
庌*ŋraːʔ
訝*ŋraːs
迓*ŋraːs
砑*ŋraːs
犽*ŋraːs
疨*hŋraː
岈*hŋraː
谺*hŋraː
颬*hŋraː
鴉*qraː
釾*laː

Etymology 1

For pronunciation and definitions of 雅 – see 鴉 (“crow; raven”).
(This character, 雅, is a variant form of 鴉.)

Etymology 2

Schuessler (2007) leaves its etymology as unknown, yet mentions that it has been suggested to be related to 夏 (OC *ɡraːʔ) (e.g. by Wang Yinzhi apud Zhi, 2004), etc.), a proposal also supported by Baxter & Sagart (2014).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǎ (ya3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˇ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaa5
  • Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngá
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): ngée / ngá
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngia2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: yǎ
      • Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: yǎ
      • Wade–Giles: ya3
      • Yale: yǎ
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yea
      • Palladius: я (ja)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /jä²¹⁴/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: ngaa5
      • Yale: ngáh
      • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa5
      • Guangdong Romanization: nga5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaː¹³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngá
      • Hakka Romanization System: nga`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: nga3
      • Sinological IPA: /ŋa³¹/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngée
      • Tâi-lô: ngée
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋɛ̃⁵³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngá
      • Tâi-lô: ngá
      • Phofsit Daibuun: ngar
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋã⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋã⁴¹/
      • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /ŋã⁵³/
Note:
  • ngée - vernacular;
  • ngá - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ngia2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiá
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋia⁵²/
  • Middle Chinese: /ŋˠaX/
Rime
Character雅
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)疑 (31)
Final (韻)麻 (98)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)II
Fanqie五下切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ŋˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun		/ŋᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen		/ŋaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ŋaɨX/
Li
Rong		/ŋaX/
Wang
Li		/ŋaX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ŋaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		yǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		ngaa5
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-ɢˤraʔ/, /*[N-ɢ]ˤraʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋraːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character雅雅
Reading #1/22/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		yǎyǎ
Middle
Chinese		‹ ngæX ›‹ ngæX ›
Old
Chinese		/*N-ɢˁraʔ//*[N-ɢ]ˁraʔ/
Englishproper, refinedkind of musical instrument

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character雅
Reading #1/1
No.14182
Phonetic
component		牙
Rime
group		魚
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		雅
Old
Chinese		/*ŋraːʔ/

Definitions

雅

  1. (literary) standard; proper; correct
  2. elegant; graceful; refined
  3. (polite) your; your esteemed; your gracious
  4. (literary) friendship; companionship
  5. (literary) usually; often
  6. (literary) very much; extremely
  7. a section in the Classic of Poetry consisting of dynastic hymns
  8. † standard language (usually used in titles of ancient Chinese dictionaries such as the Erya)
  9. (Teochew) pretty; beautiful
  10. a surname
Synonyms
  • (pretty):
edit
Synonyms of 雅
Dialectal synonyms of 漂亮 (“good-looking; beautiful; pretty”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)漂亮, 好看, 美, 美麗, 美觀
MandarinBeijing好看, 漂亮, 俊
Taiwan好看, 漂亮
Tianjin好看, 漂亮
Tangshan好看
Cangzhou好看, 漂亮, 俊
Baoding好看, 漂亮
Shijiazhuang好看
Chifeng好看, 漂亮, 標緻
Hulunbuir (Hailar)好看, 漂亮
Harbin好看, 漂亮, 俊, 美
Shenyang美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻
Yantai (Muping)俊
Qingdao漂亮, 俊
Jinan好看, 漂亮, 俊, 俊巴, 美
Luoyang好看, 漂亮, 美, 標緻
Wanrong好看
Zhengzhou漂亮, 標緻, 好看, 齊整
Xi'an美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 嫽, 排場, 心疼
Yinchuan美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 俊
Lanzhou好看, 漂亮, 美, 俊
Xining好看, 標緻, 俊, 秀溜
Ürümqi美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 翠活
Wuhan好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 體面, 寧馨, 標, 媌, 刮氣, 美
Chengdu好看, 漂亮, 乖, 抻抖, 抻展
Chongqing美, 好看, 漂亮, 乖, 抻抖
Guiyang抻透, 抻展, 好看, 漂亮, 秀氣
Kunming好看, 漂亮, 標緻
Guilin漂亮
Liuzhou美, 好看, 漂亮, 靚2, 㜺
Xuzhou好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 俊, 冠冕, 辦事
Yangzhou美, 好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 不醜
Nanjing好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 不醜
Hefei美, 漂亮, 好看, 格式, 排場
Nantong好看, 漂亮
Singapore美, 好看, 漂亮, 美麗
CantoneseGuangzhou靚2, 好睇, 好樣
Hong Kong靚2, 好睇
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)靚2
Macau靚2
Guangzhou (Panyu)靚2
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)靚2
Guangzhou (Conghua)靚2
Guangzhou (Zengcheng)靚2
Foshan靚2
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)靚2
Foshan (Shunde)靚2
Foshan (Sanshui)靚2
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)靚2
Zhongshan (Shiqi)靚2
Zhuhai (Qianshan)靚2
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)靚2
Zhuhai (Doumen)靚2
Jiangmen (Baisha)靚2
Jiangmen (Xinhui)靚2
Taishan靚2
Kaiping (Chikan)靚2
Enping (Niujiang)靚2
Heshan (Yayao)靚2
Dongguan靚2, 好樣
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)靚2
Yangjiang好看, 好樣, 靚2, 整齊
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)靚2
Penang (Guangfu)靚2
Singapore (Guangfu)靚2
GanNanchang客氣, 好看, 漂亮, 齊整
Lichuan好看
Pingxiang好看, 客氣, 漂亮, 標緻, 標
HakkaMeixian好看, 靚2, 靚3, 僐, 勁, 趣, 端, 標緻, 儒雅
Xingning靚2
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)靚2
Huiyang靚2
Huidong (Daling)靚2
Dongguan (Qingxi)靚2
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)靚2
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)靚2
Wuhua (Shuizhai)靚2
Wuhua (Huacheng)俏, 靚2
Wuhua (Changbu)靚2
Wuhua (Mianyang)靚3
Heyuan (Bendihua)靚2
Shaoguan (Qujiang)靚3
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)排場
Liannan靚2
Conghua (Lütian)靚2
Jiexi靚2
Changting靚3
Wuping靚3
Wuping (Pingyu)靚3
Liancheng靚3
Ninghua靚3
Yudu標緻, 齊整
Ruijin靚3
Shicheng像, 標緻, 好看
Shangyou (Shexi)靚2, 整, 標緻
Miaoli (N. Sixian)靚3
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)鬧, 靚3
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)靚3
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)靚3
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)靚3
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)靚3
Hong Kong靚2
Luchuan靚2
Senai (Huiyang)靚2
Kuching (Hepo)靚3
HuizhouJixi好看, 標緻, 漂亮
Shexian好看, 漂亮
JinTaiyuan好看, 襲人, 客戲, 漂亮
Xinzhou好看, 漂亮, 標緻, 爽整, 襲人, 緻氣
Linhe美, 襲人, 好看, 漂亮
Jining好看, 襲人
Hohhot好看, 襲人, 俊, 漂亮
Zhangjiakou美, 好看, 漂亮, 俊
Handan美, 好看, 漂亮, 俊俏, 俊
Min BeiJian'ou好覷, 雅式, 生得好
Min DongFuzhou俊, 生得好, 卓佳, 好看, 漂亮
Singapore (Fuqing)俊
Min NanXiamen媠, 好看
Xiamen (Tong'an)媠, 俏
Quanzhou媠, 媠靡, 㜅, 好看
Shishi媠
Anxi媠
Zhangzhou媠, 好看
Zhao'an媠
Dongshan媠
Taipei媠
New Taipei (Sanxia)媠
Kaohsiung媠
Tainan媠
Kinmen媠
Penghu (Magong)媠
Penang (Hokkien)媠
Singapore (Hokkien)媠, 俏
Manila (Hokkien)媠, 好看, 㜅
Longyan媠
Chaozhou雅, 好睇
Shantou雅, 媠, 好睇
Shantou (Chenghai)雅, 媠
Shantou (Chaoyang)雅
Jieyang雅, 媠, 如雅
Lufeng媠, 生好
Haifeng媠, 生好
Johor Bahru (Teochew)雅
Singapore (Teochew)雅
Wenchang靚4, 好望
Haikou靚4, 靚2, 靚仔, 雅目, 都緻
Qionghai靚4
Singapore (Hainanese)靚4
Southern PinghuaNanning (Tingzi)㜺, 靚2
WuShanghai漂亮, 好看, 好看相, 標緻
Shanghai (Chongming)標緻, 樣式, 登樣
Suzhou好看, 標緻, 登樣, 漂亮
Danyang好看, 漂亮, 標緻
Hangzhou好看, 漂亮
Ningbo好看, 漂亮, 㜅, 㜅門, 㜅頭, 出格, 架勢, 細巧, 細相, 登樣
Wenzhou好覷, 生好, 骨切
Jinhua好望, 俏, 漂亮
XiangChangsha好看, 漂亮, 腆靦, 乖
Loudi漂亮
Shuangfeng好看, 漂亮
Descendants
Sino-Xenic (雅):
  • → Japanese: 雅(が) (ga)
  • → Korean: 아(雅) (a)
  • → Vietnamese: nhã (雅)

Compounds

Derived terms from 雅

References

  • Duffus, William (1883), “beautiful”, in English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow, Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press, page 19
  • Zhi, C. (2004). "From Exclusive Xia to Inclusive Zhu-Xia: The Conceptualisation of Chinese Identity" in Early China. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14(3), 185–205. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188470

Japanese

Shinjitai雅
Kyūjitai
[1]
雅󠄂
雅+&#xE0102;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
雅󠄄
雅+&#xE0104;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

雅

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. gracious
  2. elegant
  3. graceful
  4. refined

Readings

  • Go-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
  • Kun: みやぶ (miyabu, 雅ぶ); みやびる (miyabiru, 雅びる); みやび (miyabi, 雅); みやびやか (miyabiyaka, 雅やか); つね (tsune, 雅)
  • Nanori: う (u); お (o); か (ka); ただし (tadashi); のり (nori); まさ (masa); まさし (masashi); よし (yoshi)

Compounds

  • 雅歌(がか) (gaka, “elegant song”), 雅歌(がか) (Gaka, “Song of Songs”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
雅
が
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 雅 (ngæX, “elegant”).

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • (Tokyo) が​ [gáꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
    • IPA(key): [ɡa̠]

Adjective

雅(が) • (ga) -na (adnominal 雅(が)な (ga na), adverbial 雅(が)に (ga ni))

  1. elegant
Inflection
Inflection of 雅
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)雅だろがだろga daro
Continuative (連用形)雅でがでga de
Terminal (終止形)雅だがだga da
Attributive (連体形)雅ながなga na
Hypothetical (仮定形)雅ならがならga nara
Imperative (命令形)雅であれがであれga de are
Key constructions
Informal negative雅ではない
雅じゃない		がではない
がじゃない		ga de wa nai
ga ja nai
Informal past雅だったがだったga datta
Informal negative past雅ではなかった
雅じゃなかった		がではなかった
がじゃなかった		ga de wa nakatta
ga ja nakatta
Formal雅ですがですga desu
Formal negative雅ではありません
雅じゃありません		がではありません
がじゃありません		ga de wa arimasen
ga ja arimasen
Formal past雅でしたがでしたga deshita
Formal negative past雅ではありませんでした
雅じゃありませんでした		がではありませんでした
がじゃありませんでした		ga de wa arimasen deshita
ga ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive雅でがでga de
Conditional雅なら（ば）がなら（ば）ga nara (ba)
Provisional雅だったらがだったらga dattara
Volitional雅だろうがだろうga darō
Adverbial雅にがにga ni
Degree雅さがさgasa

Noun

雅(が) • (ga) 

  1. elegance
Antonyms
  • 俗(ぞく) (zoku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
雅
みやび
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 雅 – see the following entry.
【みやび】
[adjective] [from 720] courtly, elegant, refined, high-quality
[noun] [from 720] courtliness, elegance, refinement, high quality
(This term, 雅, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. “雅”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

雅 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)

  1. elegant, neat, tidy

Compounds

  • 아가 (雅歌, aga, “elegant song”), 아가 (雅歌, Aga, “Song of Songs”)

Vietnamese

Han character

雅: Hán Nôm readings: nhã

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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