陵

陵	U+9675, 陵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9675

← 陴
[U+9674]

CJK Unified Ideographs

陶 →
[U+9676]

陵	U+F959, 陵 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F959

← 菱
[U+F958]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

讀 →
[U+F95A]

Translingual

Han character

陵 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中土金水 (NLGCE), four-corner 7424₇, composition ⿰阝夌)

Derived characters

𠻱, 𡻴, 𨫭, 𪅋, 𡺿, 䔖, 𢁋, 䉄, 𡏹

References

KangXi: page 1354, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41704
Dae Jaweon: page 1857, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4134, character 6
Unihan data for U+9675
Unihan data for U+F959

Chinese

trad.		陵
simp. ^#		陵
alternative forms		夌䧙𨻪𨻎𨹧夌䧙𨻪𨻎𨹧𠡭

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陵
Warring States
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (夌) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
棱	*rɯːŋ
稜	*rɯːŋ
輘	*rɯːŋ
倰	*rɯːŋ
祾	rɯːŋ, rɯŋ
踜	*rɯːŋs
凌	*rɯŋ
菱	*rɯŋ
陵	*rɯŋ
綾	*rɯŋ
鯪	*rɯŋ
淩	*rɯŋ
夌	*rɯŋ
蔆	*rɯŋ
崚	*rɯŋ
掕	*rɯŋ
𩜁	*rɯŋs
庱	r̥ʰɯŋ, r̥ʰɯŋʔ
睖	*r̥ʰɯŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 阜 (“mound”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ, “mound; hill”). Originally written 夌.

Etymology

"mound; hill; gravemound of an emperor": Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-raŋ (“high; long”), whence Burmese မြင့် (mrang., “high; tall”) (STEDT). Also compare 嶺 (OC *reŋʔ, “mountain ridge”).
"to mount; to transgress; to encroach upon": The same word as 凌 (OC *rɯŋ, “to rise high; to transgress”). May be related to the etymology above (Schuessler, 2007). It is probably cognate with 馮 (OC *brɯŋ, “to cross; to mount; to wade”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): líng (ling²)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ling⁴
(Taishan, Wiktionary): len³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lìn
(Meixian, Guangdong): lin²
Min Bei (KCR): lěng
Min Dong (BUC): lìng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): lêng
(Teochew, Peng'im): lêng⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): lin (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: líng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: líng
  - Wade–Giles: ling²
  - Yale: líng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ling
  - Palladius: лин (lin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ling⁴
  - Yale: lìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: len³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /len²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: linˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lin²
  - Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lin²
  - Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lěng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leiŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng
  - Tâi-lô: lîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: leeng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: lin (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪɲ²³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 陵
Mandarin	Beijing	/liŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ləŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/liŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/liŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/liŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/liŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/liŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/liə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/liŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/lĩn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/liŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nin²¹³/
	Chengdu	/nin³¹/
	Guiyang	/nin²¹/
	Kunming	/lĩ³¹/
	Nanjing	/lin²⁴/
	Hefei	/lin⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/liŋ¹³/ /li¹³/ 地名
	Hohhot	/lĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/liŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/lin¹³/
	Hangzhou	/lin²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/leŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/liʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/lin⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/lin¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nin¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/lin⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/lin¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/lin¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/leŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/leŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/liŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/liŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/liŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/leiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/leŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/leŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: /lɨŋ/

Rime
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力膺切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/lɨŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/lieŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liŋ/
Li Rong	/liəŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯əŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]əŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*rɯŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng
Middle Chinese	‹ ling ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]əŋ/
English	mound, hill
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
No.	8246
Phonetic component	夌
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	陵
Old Chinese	/*rɯŋ/

Definitions

陵

mound; hill
royal or imperial tomb (generally restricted to the tombs of emperors, empresses and empress dowagers, but also used as an honorific for the tomb of Sun Yat-sen, the first president of China)
to go up; to mount; to ascend
alt. forms: 凌, 淩
to surpass; to override
alt. forms: 凌, 淩
to bully and humiliate; to encroach on; to invade
alt. forms: 凌, 淩
to decline; to wane
to sharpen; to temper
a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 陵

丘陵 (qiūlíng)
中山陵 (Zhōngshānlíng)
二陵
五陵 (wǔlíng)
五陵年少 (wǔlíngniánshào)
伯陵
侵陵 (qīnlíng)
信陵 (Xìnlíng)
信陵君
十三陵 (Shísānlíng)
哭昭陵
嘉陵江 (Jiālíng Jiāng)
夷陵 (Yílíng)
子陵 (Zǐlíng)
孝陵
守陵
安陵 (Ānlíng)
山陵 (shānlíng)
山陵崩
巴陵
巴陵山
巴陵郡
延陵
徐陵
春陵 (Chūnlíng)
昭陵
李陵
李陵碑
杜陵 (Dùlíng)
欺陵
武陵 (Wǔlíng)
武陵源
毗陵
江陵 (Jiānglíng)
涪陵 (Fúlíng)
灞陵呵夜
灞陵尉
灞陵醉尉
王陵
皇陵 (huánglíng)
皖南丘陵
秣陵 (Mòlíng)

秦始皇陵
竟陵八友
舂陵
舜陵 (Shùnlíng)
茂陵
襄陵
西陵 (Xīlíng)
西陵歌舞
鄢陵 (Yānlíng)
金陵 (Jīnlíng)
金陵八家
陵上虐下
陵丘
陵墓 (língmù)
陵夷 (língyí)
陵忽
陵折
陵暴
陵替 (língtì)
陵犯
陵苕
陵虐
陵谷 (línggǔ)
陵雨
陵霄
霸陵呵夜
霸陵尉
霸陵折柳
霸陵醉尉
高陵 (Gāolíng)
下馬陵／下马陵
乾陵／干陵
五陵豪氣／五陵豪气
以強陵弱／以强陵弱
園陵／园陵
墳陵／坟陵
壽陵匍匐／寿陵匍匐
季陵溝／季陵沟 (Jìlínggōu)
岡陵／冈陵 (gānglíng)
島狀丘陵／岛状丘陵
巴陵戲／巴陵戏

廣陵客／广陵客
廣陵散／广陵散
延陵掛劍／延陵挂剑
張道陵／张道陵
憑陵／凭陵
懷山襄陵／怀山襄陵
昭陵六駿／昭陵六骏
暴內陵外／暴内陵外
李陵變文／李陵变文
東陵瓜／东陵瓜
格陵蘭／格陵兰 (Gélínglán)
樂陵／乐陵 (Làolíng)
歎皇陵／叹皇陵
江陵縣／江陵县
灞陵園／灞陵园
灞陵夜獵／灞陵夜猎
灞陵縣／灞陵县
竟陵體／竟陵体
膠東丘陵／胶东丘陵
蘭陵／兰陵 (Lánlíng)
蘭陵溪／兰陵溪 (Lánlíngxī)
蘭陵酒／兰陵酒
蝦蟆陵／虾蟆陵
西陵峽／西陵峡 (Xīlíngxiá)
迦陵頻伽／迦陵频伽
違強陵弱／违强陵弱
鄢陵縣／鄢陵县
銅陵／铜陵 (Tónglíng)
長陵／长陵
陰陵失道／阴陵失道
陵園／陵园 (língyuán)
陵土未乾／陵土未干
陵壓／陵压
陵寢／陵寝 (língqǐn)
陵廟／陵庙
陵轢／陵轹
陵遲／陵迟
陽陵虎符／阳陵虎符
霸陵縣／霸陵县
黃陵／黄陵
黃陵廟／黄陵庙 (Huánglíngmiào)

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04422

Japanese

Kanji

陵

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

mausoleum
imperial tomb
hill; height
Synonyms: 丘, 岡
to stave off
Synonym: 凌

Readings

Go-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←りよう (ryou, historical)}
Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←りよう (ryou, historical)}
Kun: おか (oka, 陵)^{←をか (woka, historical)}; しのぐ (shinogu, 陵ぐ); みささぎ (misasagi, 陵, Jōyō)
Nanori: おか (oka); たか (taka)

Compounds

陵(りょう)威(い) (ryōi) (凌(りょう)威(い))
陵(りょう)夷(い) (ryōi)
陵(りょう)域(いき) (ryōiki)
陵(りょう)雨(う) (ryōu)
陵(りょう)雲(うん) (ryōun) (凌(りょう)雲(うん))
陵(りょう)園(えん) (ryōen)
陵(りょう)王(おう) (ryōō)
陵(りょう)駕(が) (ryōga) (凌(りょう)駕(が))
陵(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) (ryōgyaku) (凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく))
陵(りょう)丘(きゅう) (ryōkyū)
陵(りょう)戸(こ) (ryōko)
陵(りょう)傲(ごう) (ryōgō) (凌(りょう)傲(ごう))
陵(りょう)肆(し) (ryōshi) (凌(りょう)肆(し))
陵(りょう)辱(じょく) (ryōjoku) (凌(りょう)辱(じょく))
陵(りょう)寝(しん) (ryōshin)
陵(りょう)斥(せき) (ryōseki)
陵(りょう)替(たい) (ryōtai)
陵(りょう)遅(ち) (ryōchi) (凌(りょう)遅(ち))
陵(りょう)替(てい) (ryōtei)
陵(りょう)土(ど) (ryōdo)
陵(りょう)罵(ば) (ryōba) (凌(りょう)罵(ば))
陵(りょう)犯(はん) (ryōhan)
陵(りょう)陂(ひ) (ryōhi)
陵(りょう)廟(びょう) (ryōbyō)
陵(りょう)侮(ぶ) (ryōbu) (凌(りょう)侮(ぶ))
陵(りょう)墓(ぼ) (ryōbo)
陵(りょう)冒(ぼう) (ryōbō) (凌(りょう)冒(ぼう))
陵(りょう)暴(ぼう) (ryōbō) (凌(りょう)暴(ぼう))
陵(りょう)邑(ゆう) (ryōyū)
陵(りょう)陸(りく) (ryōriku)
陵(りょう)轢(れき) (ryōreki) (凌(りょう)轢(れき))
園(えん)陵(りょう) (enryō)
丘(きゅう)陵(りょう) (kyūryō)
岡(こう)陵(りょう) (kōryō)
古(こ)陵(りょう) (koryō)
山(さん)陵(りょう) (sanryō)
襄(じょう)陵(りょう) (jōryō)
侵(しん)陵(りょう) (shinryō) (侵(しん)凌(りょう))
陪(ばい)陵(りょう) (bairyō)
馮(ひょう)陵(りょう) (hyōryō) (憑(ひょう)凌(りょう))
阜(ふ)陵(りょう) (furyō)
墳(ふん)陵(りょう) (funryō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
陵
みささぎ Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 陵 – see the following entry.

【みささぎ】

[noun] imperial tomb

(This term, 陵, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
陵
りょう Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 陵 (MC lɨŋ).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) りょー [ryóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɾʲo̞ː]

Noun

陵(りょう) • (ryō) ^{←りよう (ryou)^?}

imperial tomb

Synonyms

陵(みささぎ) (misasagi)
陵墓(りょうぼ) (ryōbo)

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 陵 (MC lɨŋ). Recorded as Middle Korean 르ᇰ (lung) (Yale: lung) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource陵 (eumhun 언덕 릉 (eondeok reung), South Korea 언덕 능 (eondeok neung))

Hanja form^? of 릉/능 (“small hill; mound”).
Hanja form^? of 릉/능 (“imperial tomb”).

Compounds

강릉 (江陵, Gangneung)
능원 (陵園, neung'won)
왕릉 (王陵, wangneung)
능멸 (凌蔑/陵蔑, neungmyeol)
능욕 (凌辱/陵辱, neung'yok)
울릉도 (鬱陵島, Ulleungdo)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji

陵 (hiragana うどぅん, romaji udun)

Compounds

玉陵 (たまうどぅん, Tamaudun)

Vietnamese

Han character

陵: Hán Nôm readings: lăng, lăn

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN