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单词 關
释义

關

See also: 関 and 关
關 U+95DC, 關
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-95DC
← 闛
[U+95DB]		CJK Unified Ideographs闝 →
[U+95DD]

Translingual

Traditional關
Shinjitai関
Simplified关

Han character

關 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+11, 19 strokes, cangjie input 日弓女戈廿 (ANVIT), four-corner 77772, composition ⿵門𢇇)

Derived characters

  • 𡅭, 𡤡, 𢺄, 𣠸

References

  • KangXi: page 1341, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41470
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1845, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4316, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+95DC

Chinese

trad.關
simp.关*
alternative forms
 
関
𨶚
𢇅
𬮦 Singapore simp.
闗
関
𨶚
𢇅
𬮦 Singapore simp.
闗
閞／𫔰

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (卵) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
卵*ɡ·roːlʔ, *ɡ·roːnʔ
關*kroːn
関*kroːn
聯*ɡ·ron

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kroːn) : semantic 門 (“door”) + phonetic 𢇅 () – to stop the door from opening with a wooden stick.

The bronze inscription was in the form of 門 (“door”) + 卝 (“door closed”). 卝 might also serve as a phonetic component.

Pronunciation 1

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): guān (guan1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢ
    (Chengdu, SP): guan1
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гуан (guan, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): gwaan1
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gan1
  • Gan (Wiktionary): guan1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kôan
    (Meixian, Guangdong): guan1
  • Jin (Wiktionary): guan1
  • Min Bei (KCR): guíng / gṳíng
  • Min Dong (BUC): guŏng / guăng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): koaiⁿ / kuiⁿ / koaⁿ / koeⁿ / koan
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guên1 / guêng1 / guang1
  • Wu (Wiktionary): kue (T1)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): guan1
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: guān
      • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: guan
      • Wade–Giles: kuan1
      • Yale: gwān
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guan
      • Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kwän⁵⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: guan1
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: guan
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuan⁵⁵/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гуан (guan, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuæ̃²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: gwaan1
      • Yale: gwāan
      • Cantonese Pinyin: gwaan1
      • Guangdong Romanization: guan1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kʷaːn⁵⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: gan1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kan³³/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: guan1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuan⁴²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôan
      • Hakka Romanization System: guan´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: guan1
      • Sinological IPA: /ku̯an²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: guan1
      • Sinological IPA: /kuan⁴⁴/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: guan1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuæ̃¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: guíng / gṳíng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuiŋ⁵⁴/, /kyiŋ⁵⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: guŏng / guăng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuoŋ⁵⁵/, /kuaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • guŏng - vernacular;
  • guăng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Taichung)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koaiⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: kuainn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kvoay
      • IPA (Xiamen, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung): /kuãi⁴⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Tong'an, Jinjiang, Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Philippines, Singapore)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kuiⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: kuinn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kvuy
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines): /kuĩ³³/
      • IPA (Tong'an, Taipei, Kinmen, Singapore): /kuĩ⁴⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koaⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: kuann
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaf
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã⁴⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangpu)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koeⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: kuenn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kvoef
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /kuɛ̃⁵⁵/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Tong'an, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koan
      • Tâi-lô: kuan
      • Phofsit Daibuun: koafn
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kuan³³/
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /kuan⁵⁵/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Tong'an, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /kuan⁴⁴/
Note:
  • koaiⁿ/kuiⁿ/koaⁿ/koeⁿ - vernacular;
  • koan - literary (incl. surname).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: guên1 / guêng1 / guang1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kueⁿ / kueng / kuang
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kũẽ³³/, /kueŋ³³/, /kuaŋ³³/
Note:
  • guên1 - vernacular;
  • guêng1 - literary (Chaozhou);
  • guang1 - literary (Shantou, Jieyang, Chenghai, Chaoyang).
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: kue (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kɯe̞⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: guan1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuan³³/
  • Middle Chinese: /kˠuan/
Rime
Character關
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)見 (28)
Final (韻)刪 (70)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Closed
Division (等)II
Fanqie古還切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/kˠuan/
Pan
Wuyun		/kʷᵚan/
Shao
Rongfen		/kuɐn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/kwaɨn/
Li
Rong		/kuan/
Wang
Li		/kwan/
Bernard
Karlgren		/kwan/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		guān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		gwaan1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤro[n]/, /*kˤro[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kroːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character關關關
Reading #1/32/33/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		guānguānguān
Middle
Chinese		‹ kwæn ›‹ kwæn ›‹ kwæn ›
Old
Chinese		/*[k]ˁro[n]//*[k]ˁro[n]//*kˁro[n]/
Englishbarrier關關 kwæn.kwæn [bird’s cry]間關 sound of a chariot"s linchpin (Ode 218.1)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character關
Reading #1/1
No.8640
Phonetic
component		卵
Rime
group		元
Rime
subdivision		3
Corresponding
MC rime		關
Old
Chinese		/*kroːn/

Definitions

關

  1. to close; to shut
    關窗子／关窗子  ―  guān chuāngzi  ―  close the window
    他在聖誕節時關了店鋪。 [MSC, trad.]
    他在圣诞节时关了店铺。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zài shèngdànjié shí guān le diànpù. [Pinyin]
    He shut up his shop at Christmas.
    Antonym: 開／开 (kāi)
  2. to lock up; to detain
    那囚犯被關在單人牢房內。 [MSC, trad.]
    那囚犯被关在单人牢房内。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nà qiúfàn bèi guān zài dānrén láofáng nèi. [Pinyin]
    The prisoner was locked in a cell.
  3. to turn off; to switch off
    關電燈／关电灯  ―  guān diàndēng  ―  to switch the light off
  4. (literary) to go through; to pass
    • 太學者，賢士之所關也，教化之本原也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      太学者，贤士之所关也，教化之本原也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
      Tàixué zhě, xiánshì zhī suǒ guān yě, jiàohuà zhī běnyuán yě. [Pinyin]
      The Grand College is the passage that the good and able go through. It is the foundation of civilisation.
  5. to concern; to implicate; to relate to
    這不關我的事。／这不关我的事。  ―  Zhè bù guān wǒ de shì.  ―  It does not concern me.
  6. frontier pass; border control; checkpoint (controlled passage)
    海關／海关  ―  hǎiguān  ―  customs (literally, "maritime checkpoint")
    過關／过关  ―  guòguān  ―  to break through a pass; to go through border control
  7. (video games) Short for 關卡／关卡 (guānqiǎ, “level”).
  8. relation (family/contacts)
  9. a surname
    關羽／关羽  ―  Guān Yǔ  ―  Guan Yu (Chinese general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 關 (“to close (a door, gate, etc.)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)關, 閉
MandarinTaiwan關
Wanrong關
Xi'an關
Yinchuan關
Wuhan關
Malaysia關
Singapore關
CantoneseGuangzhou閂
Hong Kong閂
Taishan閂
Singapore (Guangfu)閂
GanNanchang關
Pingxiang關
HakkaMeixian關
Miaoli (N. Sixian)關
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)關
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)關
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)關
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)關
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)關
Min DongFuzhou關
Min NanTaipei關
New Taipei (Sanxia)關
Kaohsiung關
Yilan關
Changhua (Lukang)關
Taichung關
Tainan關
Hsinchu關
Kinmen關
Penghu (Magong)關
Penang (Hokkien)崁
Singapore (Hokkien)關
Shantou關
Singapore (Teochew)關
Singapore (Hainanese)關
  • (to turn off):
    • (Cantonese, Hakka) 閂／闩
    • (Cantonese) 熄 (sik1)
    • (Singapore Hokkien, Penang Hokkien) 崁 (khàm)
  • (frontier pass): 關口／关口 (guānkǒu)

Compounds

Derived terms from 關

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (關):
  • → Japanese: 関(かん) (kan)
  • → Korean: 관(關) (gwan)
  • → Vietnamese: quan (關)
  • → English: Guan, Kwan

Pronunciation 2

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wān (wan1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄢ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): waan1
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: wān
      • Zhuyin: ㄨㄢ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: wan
      • Wade–Giles: wan1
      • Yale: wān
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: uan
      • Palladius: вань (vanʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /wän⁵⁵/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: waan1
      • Yale: wāan
      • Cantonese Pinyin: waan1
      • Guangdong Romanization: wan1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /waːn⁵⁵/

Definitions

關

  1. † Alternative form of 彎／弯 (wān, “to draw a bow”).

References

  • “關”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04398
  • “Entry #12935”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Shinjitai

関

Kyūjitai

關

Kanji

關

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 関)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 関

Readings

  • Go-on: けん (ken)←けん (ken, historical)←くゑん (kwen, ancient)
  • Kan-on: かん (kan)←くわん (kwan, historical)
  • Kun: かかわる (kakawaru, 關わる)←かかはる (kakafaru, historical); せき (seki, 關)
  • Nanori: とおる (tōru)←とほる (toforu, historical)

Proper noun

Kanji in this term
關
せき
Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

關(せき) • (Seki) 

  1. a surname

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 關 (MC kˠuan). Recorded as Middle Korean 관 (kwan) (Yale: kwan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kwa̠n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [관]

Hanja

Wikisource關 (eumhun 빗장 관 (bitjang gwan))

  1. Hanja form? of 관 (“relation; barrier”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 관계 (關係, gwan'gye, “relationship”)
  • 관련 (關聯, gwallyeon, “connection; relation”)
  • 관건 (關鍵, gwan'geon, “crucial point”)
  • 관문 (關門, gwanmun, “gate”)
  • 관세 (關稅, gwanse, “customs duty”)
  • 관심 (關心, gwansim, “care; interest”)
  • 관여 (關與, gwanyeo, “involvement”)
  • 관절 (關節, gwanjeol, “joint”)
  • 난관 (難關, nan'gwan, “crisis; difficulty”)
  • 무관 (無關, mugwan, “unrelatedness”)
  • 상관 (相關, sanggwan, “correlation”)
  • 연관 (聯關, yeon'gwan, “connection”)

Etymology 2

Related to Middle Chinese 彎 (MC ʔˠuan).

Hanja

關 (eumhun 당길 완 (danggil wan))

  1. (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 彎 (彎, “Hanja form? of 완 (“stretching a bow; to draw a bow”).”)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

關: Hán Nôm readings: quan

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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