開化

開化

See also: 开化

Chinese

		open; operate (vehicle); start	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (開化)		開	化
simp. (开化)		开	化
anagram		化開／化开

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kāihuà

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ faa³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-fa
• Min Nan (POJ): khai-hòa

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kāihuà → kāihua (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚˋ → ㄎㄞ ˙ㄏㄨㄚ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kaihuå
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-hua⁵
    • Yale: kāi-hwa
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kai.huah
    • Palladius: кайхуа (kajxua)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xwä⁵¹/ → /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xwä²/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoi¹ faa³
    • Yale: hōi fa
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ faa³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ fa³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-fa
    • Hakka Romanization System: koi´ fa
    • Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ fa⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-hòa
    • Tâi-lô: khai-huà
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qai'hoax
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰʌi  hˠua^H/

Rime
Character	開	化
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	苦哀切	呼霸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌi/	/hˠuaH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəi/	/hʷᵚaH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒi/	/xuaH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəj/	/hwaɨH/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀi/	/xuaH/
Wang Li	/kʰɒi/	/xwaH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆i/	/xwaH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kāi	huà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi1	faa3

Verb

開化

1. to become civilized
2. (dialectal) to thaw; unfreeze
3. to blossom; to mature; to reach fruition

Adjective

開化

1. civilized
2. liberal; progressive; open-minded
3. in good spirits

Antonyms

• (civilized): (literary) 草昧 (cǎomèi), (attributive) 始祖 (shǐzǔ), 原始 (yuánshǐ)

Proper noun

開化

1. (～縣) Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開化):

• → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)
• → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)
• → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
開	化
かい Grade: 3	か Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) か​いか [káꜜìkà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ika̠]

Noun

開(かい)化(か) • (kaika) ^{←かいくわ (kaikwa)?}

1. civilization/modernization (in accordance with Western standards)

   『現代日本(げんだいにほん)の開化(かいか)』

   “Gendai nihon no kaika”

   The Civilizing of Modern Japan (1911 lecture by Natsume Soseki)

Verb

開(かい)化(か)する • (kaika suru) ^{←かいくわ (kaikwa)?} suru (stem 開(かい)化(か)し (kaika shi), past 開(かい)化(か)した (kaika shita))

1. to civilize/modernize (in accordance with Western standards)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	開化し	かいかし	kaika shi
Continuative (連用形)	開化し	かいかし	kaika shi
Terminal (終止形)	開化する	かいかする	kaika suru
Attributive (連体形)	開化する	かいかする	kaika suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	開化すれ	かいかすれ	kaika sure
Imperative (命令形)	開化せよ¹ 開化しろ²	かいかせよ¹ かいかしろ²	kaika seyo¹ kaika shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開化される	かいかされる	kaika sareru
Causative	開化させる 開化さす	かいかさせる かいかさす	kaika saseru kaika sasu
Potential	開化できる	かいかできる	kaika dekiru
Volitional	開化しよう	かいかしよう	kaika shiyō
Negative	開化しない	かいかしない	kaika shinai
Negative continuative	開化せず	かいかせず	kaika sezu
Formal	開化します	かいかします	kaika shimasu
Perfective	開化した	かいかした	kaika shita
Conjunctive	開化して	かいかして	kaika shite
Hypothetical conditional	開化すれば	かいかすれば	kaika sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN