長

See also: 长 and 튽

長	U+9577, 長 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577

← 镶
[U+9576]

CJK Unified Ideographs

镸 →
[U+9578]

⾧	U+2FA7, ⾧ KANGXI RADICAL LONG

← ⾦
[U+2FA6]

Kangxi Radicals

⾨ →
[U+2FA8]

⻑	U+2ED1, ⻑ CJK RADICAL LONG ONE

← ⻐
[U+2ED0]

CJK Radicals Supplement

⻒ →
[U+2ED2]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Alternative forms

镸 (when used as a radical)

Han character

長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 7173₂, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸⿱一𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived characters

Appendix:Chinese radical/長
倀, 𫪛, 㙊, 𪥽, 帳, 張, 悵, 掁, 涱, 𤟔, 𪯹, 棖, 𤊞, 𪺑, 脹, 𭀫, 𤬅, 𤲘, 𥇔, 䂻, 𬔡, 𧛇, 粻, 𦁢, 䗅, 𢐘, 䛫, 賬(𧹔), 䠆, 躼, 𮝙, 𮡙, 鋹, 𬼓, 䩨, 韔, 餦, 𮪉, 𩳤, 𩸕, 𮦳
𬪆, 𡘷, 萇, 㷃, 𥮲, 𩭨, 鼚, 𪠍, 痮, 𦹥

References

KangXi: page 1328, character 7

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100

Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1

Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese

trad.		長
simp.		长

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 長
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
張	taŋ, taŋs
餦	*taŋ
粻	*taŋ
漲	taŋ, taŋʔ, *taŋs
長	taŋʔ, daŋ, *daŋs
脹	*taŋs
痮	*taŋs
帳	*taŋs
賬	*taŋs
倀	tʰaŋ, rtaːŋs
鼚	*tʰaŋ
鋹	*tʰaŋʔ
悵	*tʰaŋs
韔	*tʰaŋs
萇	*daŋ
瓺	daŋ, daŋs
棖	*rdaːŋ
掁	*rdaːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.

Etymology

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): cháng (chang²)
(Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ
(Chengdu, SP): cang²
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чон (čon, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): coeng⁴
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ciang³
Gan (Wiktionary): cong²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhòng
(Meixian, Guangdong): cong²
Jin (Wiktionary): con¹
Min Bei (KCR): dǒ̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): dòng / diòng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tn̂g / tôⁿ / tiô / tiôⁿ / tiông / tiâng / chhiâng
(Teochew, Peng'im): deng⁵ / ciang⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): zan (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): zhan²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: cháng
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cháng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻang²
  - Yale: cháng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charng
  - Palladius: чан (čan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: cang²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чон (čon, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: coeng⁴
  - Yale: chèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: cêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃʰœːŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ciang³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiaŋ²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: cong²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: congˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cong²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cong²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: con¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǒ̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dòng / diòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /touŋ⁵³/, /tuoŋ⁵³/

Note:

dòng - colloquial;
diòng - literary.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tn̂g
  - Tâi-lô: tn̂g
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dngg
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tŋ̍¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /tŋ̍²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung, Penang): /tŋ̍²³/
- (Hokkien: Changtai, Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tôⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tônn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dvoo
  - IPA (Longyan): /tõ¹¹/
  - IPA (Changtai): /tɔ̃²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiô
  - Tâi-lô: tiô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diooi
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tio²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tio¹³/
- (Hokkien: Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiôⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tiônn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dviooi
  - IPA (Changtai): /tiɔ̃²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiông
  - Tâi-lô: tiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dioong
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /tiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiâng
  - Tâi-lô: tiâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diaang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiaŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Changtai): /tiaŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiâng
  - Tâi-lô: tshiâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chiaang
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡ɕʰiaŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰiaŋ²³/

Note:

tn̂g/tôⁿ - colloquial;
tiô/tiôⁿ - colloquial (only used in 長泰／长泰);
tiông/tiâng - literary;
chhiâng - literary (limited, e.g. 笨長／笨长 and 高長／高长).

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: deng⁵ / ciang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tṳ̂ng / tshiâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɯŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

deng5 - colloquial;
ciang5 - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zan (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /z̥ã²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zhan²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡san¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 長 (長短)
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/ /t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/ /t͡suə¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/zã²³/
	Suzhou	/zã¹³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑi³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tiɔŋ³⁵/ /tŋ̍³⁵/ /t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/touŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/tɔŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/ /tɯŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/siaŋ³¹/ /ʔdo³¹/

Middle Chinese: /ɖɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	直良切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ȡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ȡĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cháng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	coeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*daŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	長
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	cháng
Middle Chinese	‹ drjang ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
English	long (adj.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	2/3
No.	1276
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	長
Old Chinese	/*daŋ/

Definitions

長

long (of distance)
長征／长征 ― chángzhēng ― Long March
length
全長／全长 ― quáncháng ― full length (of a river)
long (in space); far; distant
long (of time); lasting
everlasting; permanent
constantly; frequently
See also: 常
straight; perfectly straight
upright; right; good; fine
strength; advantage; merit
skill; specialism
to excel in
a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 長

不氣長／不气长
久長／久长 (jiǔcháng)
伸長／伸长 (shēncháng)
保長／保长
修長／修长 (xiūcháng)
優長／优长
內長城／内长城
全長／全长 (quáncháng)
外長城／外长城
天長日久／天长日久 (tiānchángrìjiǔ)
天長節／天长节
子長／子长 (Zǐcháng)
寸長／寸长
專長／专长 (zhuāncháng)
履長／履长
廣長舌／广长舌
延長／延长 (yáncháng)
延長線／延长线 (yánchángxiàn)
延長賽／延长赛
悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
所長／所长 (suǒzhǎng)
手長的／手长的
扛長活／扛长活
拉長／拉长 (lācháng)
拉長線／拉长线
拉長臉／拉长脸
揚長／扬长
擅長／擅长 (shàncháng)
斜長石／斜长石 (xiéchángshí)
月長石／月长石 (yuèchángshí)
波長／波长 (bōcháng)
深長／深长 (shēncháng)
漫長／漫长 (màncháng)
片長／片长
特長／特长 (tècháng)
狹長／狭长 (xiácháng)
瘦長／瘦长 (shòucháng)
睡長覺／睡长觉
短長／短长
等長／等长
細水長流／细水长流 (xìshuǐchángliú)
細長／细长 (xìcháng)
綿長／绵长 (miáncháng)
說短長／说短长
說長短／说长短
賣長舌／卖长舌
身長／身长 (shēncháng)
車長／车长 (chēzhǎng)
輝長岩／辉长岩
長三／长三
長世／长世
長久／长久 (chángjiǔ)
長亭／长亭 (chángtíng)
長人／长人 (chángrén)
長休告／长休告
長休飯／长休饭
長住／长住 (chángzhù)
長便／长便
長信宮／长信宫
長假／长假 (chángjià)
長兵／长兵
長冊／长册
長刀／长刀 (chángdāo)
長句／长句 (chángjù)
長吁／长吁
長吁短嘆／长吁短叹 (chángxūduǎntàn)
長吟／长吟
長吻魚／长吻鱼
長命／长命 (chángmìng)
長命縷／长命缕
長命釘／长命钉
長命鎖／长命锁
長嘆／长叹 (chángtàn)
長嘯／长啸 (chángxiào)
長噸／长吨 (chángdūn)
長圍／长围
長圓／长圆
長坂／长坂
長坂坡／长坂坡
長城／长城 (Chángchéng)
長埫口／长埫口 (Chángtǎngkǒu)
長堤／长堤
長堰／长堰 (Chángyàn)
長壽／长寿 (chángshòu)
長壽麵／长寿面 (chángshòumiàn)
長夏／长夏
長夜／长夜 (chángyè)
長夜飲／长夜饮
長天／长天 (chángtiān)

長夫／长夫
長存／长存 (chángcún)
長安／长安 (cháng'ān)
長尾猴／长尾猴
長尾雞／长尾鸡
長尾鮫／长尾鲛
長局／长局
長居／长居
長島／长岛 (Chángdǎo)
長崎／长崎 (Chángqí)
長嶺／长岭 (Chánglǐng)
長川／长川 (chángchuān)
長工／长工 (chánggōng)
長干巷／长干巷
長干曲／长干曲
長年／长年 (chángnián)
長年菜／长年菜
長庚／长庚 (chánggēng)
長度／长度 (chángdù)
長廊／长廊 (chángláng)
長征／长征 (chángzhēng)
長思／长思
長性／长性 (chángxìng)
長恨傳／长恨传
長恨歌／长恨歌
長慶集／长庆集
長慶體／长庆体
長戳／长戳
長才／长才
長打／长打 (chángdǎ)
長技／长技
長拳／长拳
長挑／长挑
長揖／长揖
長攙攙／长搀搀
長方／长方 (chángfāng)
長方形／长方形 (chángfāngxíng)
長方體／长方体 (chángfāngtǐ)
長日／长日
長明燈／长明灯
長春／长春 (Chángchūn)
長春花／长春花 (chángchūnhuā)
長曆／长历
長書／长书
長期／长期 (chángqī)
長材／长材
長板／长板
長林／长林
長枷／长枷
長案／长案
長梁／长梁 (Chángliáng)
長條兒／长条儿
長條圖／长条图
長楊／长杨
長楸／长楸
長槍／长枪 (chángqiāng)
長樂／长乐 (chánglè)
長樂宮／长乐宫 (Chánglègōng)
長歌／长歌 (chánggē)
長歲錢／长岁钱
長毛／长毛 (chángmáo)
長毛絨／长毛绒
長毛象／长毛象 (chángmáoxiàng)
長江／长江 (Cháng Jiāng)
長江埠／长江埠 (Chángjiāngbù)
長河／长河 (chánghé)
長治／长治 (Chángzhì)
長法／长法 (chángfǎ)
長波／长波 (chángbō)
長泰／长泰 (Chángtài)
長流／长流
長港／长港 (Chánggǎng)
長湖／长湖 (Chánghú)
長漏／长漏
長潭河／长潭河 (Chángtánhé)
長濱／长滨 (Chángbīn)
長灘／长滩 (Chángtān)
長班／长班
長生／长生 (chángshēng)
長生庫／长生库
長生果／长生果 (chángshēngguǒ)
長生殿／长生殿 (Chángshēng Diàn)
長白山／长白山 (Chángbáishān)
長相思／长相思
長眠／长眠 (chángmián)
長短／长短 (chángduǎn)
長短句／长短句 (chángduǎnjù)
長石／长石 (chángshí)
長磧／长碛 (Chángqì)

長程／长程 (chángchéng)
長空／长空 (chángkōng)
長竿／长竿
長笛／长笛 (chángdí)
長策／长策 (chángcè)
長箋／长笺
長算／长算
長篇／长篇 (chángpiān)
長紅／长红
長統襪／长统袜 (chángtǒngwà)
長線／长线 (chángxiàn)
長編／长编 (chángbiān)
長纓／长缨
長耳公／长耳公
長耳鴞／长耳鸮
長腰／长腰
長腳蜂／长脚蜂
長臂猿／长臂猿 (chángbìyuán)
長臂蝦／长臂虾
長至／长至
長舌／长舌
長舌婦／长舌妇 (chángshéfù)
長舌頭／长舌头
長著臉／长著脸
長處／长处 (chángchù)
長號／长号 (chánghào)
長虹／长虹 (chánghóng)
長蟲／长虫 (chángchong)
長行／长行
長衫／长衫 (chángshān)
長袂／长袂
長袍／长袍 (chángpáo)
長角果／长角果
長解／长解
長話／长话 (chánghuà)
長調／长调 (chángdiào)
長談／长谈 (chángtán)
長豇豆／长豇豆
長足／长足 (chángzú)
長跑／长跑 (chángpǎo)
長跪／长跪 (chángguì)
長路／长路 (chánglù)
長車／长车
長轂／长毂
長辭／长辞 (chángcí)
長途／长途 (chángtú)
長逝／长逝 (chángshì)
長遠／长远 (chángyuǎn)
長邁／长迈
長里崗／长里岗
長針／长针 (chángzhēn)
長鋏／长铗
長鋒筆／长锋笔
長錢／长钱
長鎗／长枪
長鎩／长铩
長鏡頭／长镜头
長鑱／长镵
長門／长门 (zhǎngmén)
長門賦／长门赋
長關／长关
長陵／长陵
長陽／长阳 (Chángyáng)
長隨／长随
長離／长离
長青／长青 (chángqīng)
長青樹／长青树
長項／长项
長頭布／长头布
長頸鹿／长颈鹿 (chángjǐnglù)
長風／长风 (chángfēng)
長馬／长马
長驅／长驱 (chángqū)
長骨／长骨 (chánggǔ)
長髮／长发 (chángfà)
長鬣／长鬣
長鯨／长鲸
長鳴／长鸣
長黑／长黑
長鼓／长鼓
長鼻目／长鼻目
長齋／长斋
長齡／长龄
長龍／长龙 (chánglóng)
鞭長莫及／鞭长莫及 (biānchángmòjí)
音長／音长
頎長／颀长 (qícháng)
馬齒長／马齿长

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (長):

→ Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō); 長(じょう) (jō)
→ Korean: 장(長) (jang)
→ Vietnamese: trường (長), tràng (長)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhǎng (zhang³)
(Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˇ
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җон (žon, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zoeng²
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ziang²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chóng
Min Dong (BUC): diōng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tióng / tiáng / tiúⁿ / tióⁿ / tiáuⁿ / chiáng
(Teochew, Peng'im): ziang² / dion²
Wu (Wiktionary): tsan (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhǎng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǎng
  - Wade–Giles: chang³
  - Yale: jǎng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaang
  - Palladius: чжан (čžan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җон (žon, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zoeng²
  - Yale: jéung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng²
  - Guangdong Romanization: zêng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃœːŋ³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ziang²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chóng
  - Hakka Romanization System: zong`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zong³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡soŋ³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: diōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuoŋ³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
  - Tâi-lô: tióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Changtai): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiáng
  - Tâi-lô: tiáng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diarng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /tiaŋ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiúⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tiúnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dviuo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiũ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /tiũ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiũ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Changtai)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tiónn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dvioir
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Changtai): /tiɔ̃⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiáuⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tiáunn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dviao
  - IPA (Penang): /tiãu⁴⁴⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiáng
  - Tâi-lô: tsiáng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciarng
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕiaŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiaŋ⁴¹/

Note:

tióng/tiáng - literary;
tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ziang² / dion²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiáng / tióⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siaŋ⁵²/, /tĩõ⁵²/

Note:

ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tsan (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sã³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /ʈɨɐŋ^X/

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知丈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨɐŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiɐŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiɑŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈɨaŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ȶiaŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ȶĭaŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯aŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoeng²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*traŋʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*taŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	長
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ trjang^X ›
Old Chinese	/*traŋʔ/
English	grow; elder
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	1/3
No.	1263
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	長
Old Chinese	/*taŋʔ/

Definitions

長

to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
長大／长大 ― zhǎngdà ― to grow old
我家的樹長得很健康。 [MSC, trad.]
我家的树长得很健康。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
The tree in my house is growing healthily.
(of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
(transitive) to increase; to enhance
(intransitive) to increase; to go up
See also: 漲
to nourish
old (of age)
年長／年长 ― niánzhǎng ― senior
senior; elder
兄長／兄长 ― xiōngzhǎng ― elder brother
leader; master; chief; head
eldest; oldest
to exalt; to honor
- 乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是長，是信是使，是以為大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是长，是信是使，是以为大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Nǎi wéi sìfāng zhī duōzuì būtáo, shì chóng shì zhǎng, shì xìn shì shǐ, shì yǐwéi dàfū qīngshì. [Pinyin]
  They are only the fugitives from all quarters, loaded with crimes, whom he honours and exalts, whom he employs and trusts, making them great officers and high nobles.
to wield; to be in control of

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 長／长 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		生, 長／长
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		長／长
Mandarin	Taiwan	長／长
	Yantai (Muping)	生
	Jinan	長／长
	Wanrong	長／长
	Xi'an	長／长
	Ürümqi	生
	Wuhan	長／长
	Guilin	長／长
	Yangzhou	生
	Singapore	長／长
Cantonese	Guangzhou	生
	Hong Kong	生
	Dongguan	生
Gan	Lichuan	長／长
Gan	Pingxiang	生
Hakka	Meixian	生
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	生
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	生
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	生
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	生
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	生
Jin	Taiyuan	長／长
Min Dong	Fuzhou	生
Min Nan	Xiamen	生
	Quanzhou	生
	Zhangzhou	生
	Taipei	生 GT
	Shantou	生
	Jieyang	生
	Leizhou	生
	Haikou	生
Wu	Suzhou	長／长
	Ningbo	生
	Wenzhou	生
	Jinhua	生
Xiang	Loudi	生
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

Derived terms from 長

不學長俊／不学长俊
不長眼睛／不长眼睛
不長進／不长进
亭長／亭长 (tíngzhǎng)
伍長／伍长
使長／使长
停留長智／停留长智
兄長／兄长 (xiōngzhǎng)
典獄長／典狱长 (diǎnyùzhǎng)
再長爹娘／再长爹娘
列車長／列车长
副會長／副会长
副議長／副议长
助長／助长 (zhùzhǎng)
千夫長／千夫长
司長／司长 (sīzhǎng)
名譽校長／名誉校长
君長／君长
團長／团长 (tuánzhǎng)
土生土長／土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
土長根生／土长根生
增長／增长 (zēngzhǎng)
增長見識／增长见识
大家長／大家长
大長公主／大长公主
女長須嫁／女长须嫁
嫡長子／嫡长子 (dízhǎngzǐ)
學長／学长 (xuézhǎng)
官長／官长 (guānzhǎng)
客長／客长
家長／家长 (jiāzhǎng)
家長制／家长制
審判長／审判长 (shěnpànzhǎng)
將兵長史／将兵长史
尊長／尊长 (zūnzhǎng)
山長／山长
州長／州长 (zhōuzhǎng)
市長／市长 (shìzhǎng)
師長／师长 (shīzhǎng)
年長／年长 (niánzhǎng)
店長／店长 (diànzhǎng)
庭長／庭长
廠長／厂长 (chǎngzhǎng)
廳長／厅长 (tīngzhǎng)
彼長我消／彼长我消
成長／成长 (chéngzhǎng)
成長率／成长率 (chéngzhǎnglǜ)
成長股／成长股
戶長／户长
拉名糧長／拉名粮长
拔苗助長／拔苗助长 (bámiáozhùzhǎng)
挾長／挟长
排長／排长 (páizhǎng)
揠苗助長／揠苗助长 (yàmiáozhùzhǎng)
敖不可長／敖不可长
教務長／教务长
教學相長／教学相长 (jiàoxuéxiāngzhǎng)
旅長／旅长 (lǚzhǎng)
族長／族长 (zúzhǎng)
晶粒生長／晶粒生长

會長／会长 (huìzhǎng)
村生泊長／村生泊长
村長／村长 (cūnzhǎng)
校長／校长 (xiàozhǎng)
根生土長／根生土长
案長／案长
機長／机长 (jīzhǎng)
次長／次长 (cìzhǎng)
水長船高／水长船高
沒出長／没出长
沒長眼／没长眼
沒長進／没长进
消長／消长 (xiāozhǎng)
滋長／滋长 (zīzhǎng)
火長／火长
王長／王长
班長／班长 (bānzhǎng)
理事長／理事长 (lǐshìzhǎng)
生長／生长 (shēngzhǎng)
生長期／生长期 (shēngzhǎngqī)
生長激素／生长激素 (shēngzhǎng jīsù)
生長素／生长素 (shēngzhǎngsù)
生長輪／生长轮
生長點／生长点
甲長／甲长
痴長／痴长
瘋長／疯长
百夫長／百夫长 (bǎifūzhǎng)
盟長／盟长 (méngzhǎng)
目無尊長／目无尊长 (mùwúzūnzhǎng)
省長／省长 (shěngzhǎng)
社長／社长 (shèzhǎng)
祕書長／秘书长
科長／科长 (kēzhǎng)
稍長膽壯／稍长胆壮
站長／站长 (zhànzhǎng)
糧長／粮长
級長／级长 (jízhǎng)
組長／组长 (zǔzhǎng)
經濟成長／经济成长
縣長／县长 (xiànzhǎng)
署長／署长 (shǔzhǎng)
翁長／翁长
老身長子／老身长子
老道長／老道长
股長／股长
船長／船长 (chuánzhǎng)
艦長／舰长 (jiànzhǎng)
色長／色长
茁長／茁长 (zhuózhǎng)
草長鶯飛／草长莺飞
董事長／董事长 (dǒngshìzhǎng)
處長／处长 (chùzhǎng)
見不長／见不长
見長／见长 (jiàncháng)
觸類而長／触类而长
課長／课长 (kèzhǎng)
議長／议长 (yìzhǎng)
護士長／护士长 (hùshìzhǎng)
負成長／负成长

軍長／军长 (jūnzhǎng)
連長／连长 (liánzhǎng)
道長／道长 (dàozhǎng)
部會首長／部会首长
部長／部长 (bùzhǎng)
部隊長／部队长
鄉長／乡长 (xiāngzhǎng)
鄰長／邻长
酋長／酋长 (qiúzhǎng)
酋長制度／酋长制度
里長／里长 (lǐzhǎng)
鈞長／钧长
鋪長／铺长
鎮長／镇长 (zhènzhǎng)
長上／长上 (zhǎngshàng)
長俊／长俊 (zhǎngjùn)
長兄／长兄 (zhǎngxiōng)
長公主／长公主
長史／长史 (zhǎngshǐ)
長吏／长吏 (zhǎnglì)
長君／长君
長君之惡／长君之恶
長大／长大 (zhǎngdà)
長大成人／长大成人
長子／长子 (zhǎngzǐ)
長孫／长孙 (zhǎngsūn)
長孫媳／长孙媳
長官／长官 (zhǎngguān)
長尾巴／长尾巴
長幼／长幼 (zhǎngyòu)
長幼尊卑／长幼尊卑 (zhǎngyòuzūnbēi)
長幼有序／长幼有序
長成／长成 (zhǎngchéng)
長房／长房 (zhǎngfáng)
長機／长机 (zhǎngjī)
長水／长水 (Chángshuǐ)
長沙／长沙 (Chángshā)
長男／长男 (zhǎngnán)
長相／长相 (zhǎngxiàng)
長老／长老 (zhǎnglǎo)
長老教會／长老教会
長老會／长老会 (Zhǎnglǎohuì)
長者／长者 (zhǎngzhě)
長脾氣／长脾气
長親／长亲
長輩／长辈 (zhǎngbèi)
長進／长进 (zhǎngjìn)
陡長／陡长
院長／院长 (yuànzhǎng)
隊長／队长 (duìzhǎng)
雄長／雄长
靈長目／灵长目 (Língzhǎngmù)
靈長類／灵长类
館長／馆长 (guǎnzhǎng)
首長／首长 (shǒuzhǎng)
首長制／首长制
馬齒徒長／马齿徒长
駕長／驾长
鶯飛草長／莺飞草长
齋長／斋长

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (長):

→ Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō)
→ Korean: 장(長) (jang)
→ Vietnamese: trưởng (長)

Pronunciation 3

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhàng (zhang⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˋ
Min Dong (BUC): diông
Min Nan (POJ): tióng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhàng
  - Wade–Giles: chang⁴
  - Yale: jàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: janq
  - Palladius: чжан (čžan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: diông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuɔŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tióng
  - Tâi-lô: tióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diorng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: /ɖɨɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	長
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	直亮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡiɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ȡiaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ȡĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zoeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*daŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長
Reading #	3/3
No.	1280
Phonetic component	長
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	仗
Old Chinese	/*daŋs/

Definitions

長

(archaic) length; measure of length
See also: 丈
(archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
今旦飯長野儕。 [Min Dong, trad.]
今旦饭长野侪。 [Min Dong, simp.]
gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
There is a lot of leftover food today.

Compounds

Derived terms from 長

一無長物／一无长物
別無長物／别无长物 (biéwúzhàngwù)

家無長物／家无长物
身無長物／身无长物

長物／长物 (zhàngwù)

Japanese

Kanji

長

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

long, lengthy
long time
growing, increasing
excellent, great
comfortable, relaxing
elder, old, senior
chief, head, leader
Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

Readings

Go-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō); じょう (jō)^{←ぢやう (dyau, historical)}
Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)^{←ちやう (tyau, historical)}
Kun: ながい (nagai, 長い, Jōyō); おさ (osa, 長)^{←をさ (wosa, historical)}; たける (takeru, 長ける); つかさ (tsukasa, 長)
Nanori: いえ (ie); すすむ (susumu); たけ (take); たけし (takeshi); つね (tsune); ながし (nagashi); のぶ (nobu); ひさ (hisa); ひさし (hisashi); まさ (masa); まさる (masaru); ます (masu); みち (michi)

Compounds

長(ちょう)歌(か) (chōka)
長(ちょう)句(く) (chōku)
長(ちょう)躯(く) (chōku)
長(ちょう)兄(けい) (chōkei)
長(ちょう)子(し) (chōshi)
長(ちょう)時(じ)間(かん) (chō-jikan)
長(ちょう)州(しゅう) (chōshū)
長(ちょう)女(じょ) (chōjo)
長(ちょう)上(じょう) (chōjō)
長(ちょう)短(たん) (chōtan)
長(ちょう)調(ちょう) (chōchō)
長(ちょう)刀(とう) (chōtō)
長(ちょう)男(なん) (chōnan)
長(ちょう)髪(はつ) (chōhatsu, “long hair”)
長(ちょう)夜(や) (chōya)
長(ちょう)老(ろう) (chōrō)
長(ちょう)銘(めい) (chōmei): (swords) an inscription that includes some personal details about the swordsmith
一(いっ)長(ちょう)一(いっ)短(たん) (itchō-ittan)
院(いん)長(ちょう) (inchō)
延(えん)長(ちょう) (enchō)
課(か)長(ちょう) (kachō)
会(かい)長(ちょう) (kaichō)
学(がく)長(ちょう) (gakuchō)
係(かかり)長(ちょう) (kakarichō)
楽(がく)長(ちょう) (gakuchō)
機(き)長(ちょう) (kichō)
組(くみ)長(ちょう) (kumichō)
薩(さっ)長(ちょう) (Satchō)
市(し)長(ちょう) (shichō)
社(しゃ)長(ちょう) (shachō)
船(せん)長(ちょう) (senchō)
村(そん)長(ちょう) (sonchō)
町(ちょう)長(ちょう) (chōchō)
店(てん)長(ちょう) (tenchō)
班(はん)長(ちょう) (hanchō)
番(ばん)長(ちょう) (banchō)
部(ぶ)長(ちょう) (buchō)
防(ぼう)長(ちょう) (Bōchō)
霊(れい)長(ちょう) (reichō)
長官(かみ) (kami)
長(なぎ)刀(なた), 薙(なぎ)刀(なた), 眉(な)尖(ぎ)刀(なた) (naginata)
長押(なげし) (nageshi)
長閑(のどか) (nodoka)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
長
ちょう Grade: 2
on’yomi

/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋ^X) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

Pronunciation

On’yomi

(Tokyo) ちょー [chóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [t͡ɕo̞ː]

Noun

長(ちょう) • (chō) ^{←ちやう (tyau)^?}

chief, head, leader
班(はん)長(ちょう)
han chō
the group leader
strong point
長(ちょう　)を伸(　の)ばす
chō o nobasu
enrich a strong point
Antonym: 短 (tan)
(music) major
Antonym: 短 (tan)

Proper noun

長(ちょう) • (Chō) ^{←ちやう (tyau)^?}

a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
長
おさ Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/wosa/ → /osa/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) おさ [óꜜsà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [o̞sa̠]

Noun

長(おさ) • (osa) ^{←をさ (wosa)^?}

chief, head, leader
Synonym: 頭 (kashira)

Derived terms

治(おさ)める (osameru)
村(むら)長(おさ) (muraosa)

Proper noun

長(おさ) • (Osa) ^{←をさ (wosa)^?}

a place name
a surname