鍊

See also: 錬, 煉, and 練

鍊	U+934A, 鍊 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-934A

← 鍉
[U+9349]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鍋 →
[U+934B]

鍊	U+F99B, 鍊 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F99B

← 連
[U+F99A]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

列 →
[U+F99C]

Translingual

Traditional	鍊
Shinjitai	錬
Simplified	炼

Han character

鍊 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 金木田火 (CDWF), four-corner 8519₆, composition ⿰金柬)

Derived characters

𡄮

References

KangXi: page 1313, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40602
Dae Jaweon: page 1814, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4228, character 14
Unihan data for U+934A
Unihan data for U+F99B

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鍊
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (柬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蘭	*ɡ·raːn
攔	*ɡ·raːn
欄	*ɡ·raːn
瀾	ɡ·raːn, ɡ·raːns
讕	ɡ·raːn, ɡ·raːnʔ, *ɡ·raːns
闌	*ɡ·raːn
韊	*ɡ·raːn
幱	*ɡ·raːn
籣	*ɡ·raːn
躝	*ɡ·raːn
爛	*ɡ·raːns
爤	*ɡ·raːns
鑭	*ɡ·raːns
糷	*ɡ·raːns
斕	*ɡ·reːn
揀	kreːnʔ, ɡ·reːns
柬	*kreːnʔ
暕	*kreːnʔ
諫	*kraːns
練	*ɡ·reːns
鍊	*ɡ·reːns
煉	*ɡ·reːns
楝	*ɡ·reːns
萰	*ɡ·reːns
堜	*ɡ·reːns
湅	*ɡ·reːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡ·reːns) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 柬 (OC *kreːnʔ).

Etymology 1

trad.		鍊
simp.		炼^*
nonstandard simp.		𫔀
alternative forms		煉／炼 especially for figurative meanings

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): liàn (lian⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lin⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lien
(Meixian, Guangdong): liên⁴
Min Dong (BUC): liêng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): liān
(Teochew, Peng'im): liêng⁷
Wu (Wiktionary): li (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liàn
  - Wade–Giles: lien⁴
  - Yale: lyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liann
  - Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: lin⁶
  - Yale: lihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lin⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lin⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːn²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lien
  - Hakka Romanization System: lien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /li̯en⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: liên⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /liɛn⁵³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: liêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iɛŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liān
  - Tâi-lô: liān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lien
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liɛn²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /liɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɛn³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: liêng⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liēng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lieŋ¹¹/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: li (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²³/

Middle Chinese: /len^H/

Rime
Character	鍊
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎甸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/len^H/
Pan Wuyun	/len^H/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛn^H/
Li Rong	/len^H/
Wang Li	/lien^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/lien^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lin⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤen-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·reːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鍊
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liàn
Middle Chinese	‹ len^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁen-s/
English	refine (metal)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鍊
Reading #	1/1
No.	6142
Phonetic component	柬
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	練
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·reːns/

Definitions

鍊

to smelt; to refine
(figurative) to measure (one's words); to polish (one's wording)
(figurative) to temper; to steel; to cultivate
a surname

Compounds

九煉成鋼／九炼成钢
修煉／修炼 (xiūliàn)
冶煉／冶炼 (yěliàn)
凝煉／凝炼
千錘百鍊／千锤百炼
土法煉鋼／土法炼钢 (tǔfǎ liàngāng)
拉鍊／拉炼
提煉／提炼 (tíliàn)
搏煉／搏炼
搏砂煉汞／搏砂炼汞
摶砂煉汞／抟砂炼汞
日鍛月煉／日锻月炼
月鍛季煉／月锻季炼
洗鍊／洗炼
淬鍊／淬炼
炮煉／炮炼
煉丹／炼丹 (liàndān)
煉丹術／炼丹术 (liàndānshù)
煉乳／炼乳 (liànrǔ)
煉山／炼山
煉油／炼油
煉油廠／炼油厂
煉焦／炼焦

煉焦爐／炼焦炉
煉獄／炼狱 (liànyù)
煉石補天／炼石补天
煉製／炼制
煉銅／炼铜 (liàntóng)
煉鋼／炼钢 (liàngāng)
煉鋼廠／炼钢厂
煉鐵／炼铁
煉鐵爐／炼铁炉
熬煉／熬炼
燒丹鍊汞／烧丹炼汞
燒煉／烧炼
百鍊之鋼／百炼之钢
百鍊剛／百炼刚
百鍊成鋼／百炼成钢
百鍊金／百炼金
百鍊鋼／百炼钢
百鍊鐵／百炼铁
磨煉／磨炼 (móliàn)
磨鍊／磨炼
精煉／精炼 (jīngliàn)
精金百煉／精金百炼

精鍊／精炼
細鍊／细炼
肘手鍊足／肘手炼足
錘鍊／锤炼
鍊丹／炼丹
鍊冶／炼冶
鍊句／炼句
鍊子／炼子
鍊字／炼字
鍊師／炼师
鍊度／炼度
鍊形／炼形
鍊氣／炼气
鍊氣士／炼气士
鍊石補天／炼石补天
鍊貧／炼贫
鍊金／炼金
鍊金術／炼金术 (liànjīnshù)
鍛鍊／锻炼 (duànliàn)
鐵鍊／铁炼
闖鍊／闯炼
陳鍊／陈炼

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 鍊 – see 鏈 (“chain”). (This character, 鍊, is a variant form of 鏈.)

Japanese

Shinjitai	錬
Kyūjitai	鍊

Kanji

鍊

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 錬)

to smelt (metals)
to forge
to refine

Readings

On (unclassified): れん (ren)
Kun: ねる (neru, 鍊る)

Korean

Hanja

鍊 (eumhun 불릴 련 (bullil ryeon), South Korea 불릴 연 (bullil yeon))

Hanja form^? of 련/연 (“smelt metals, forge”).
Hanja form^? of 련/연 (“refine”).

Compounds

단련 (鍛鍊, dallyeon)
훈련 (訓鍊, hullyeon)

Vietnamese

Han character

鍊: Hán Nôm readings: luyện, rèn, rén

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