量

量	U+91CF, 量 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CF

← 野
[U+91CE]

CJK Unified Ideographs

釐 →
[U+91D0]

量	U+F97E, 量 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F97E

← 諒
[U+F97D]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

勵 →
[U+F97F]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

Stroke order (Taiwan)

量 (Kangxi radical 166, 里+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日一田土 (AMWG), four-corner 6010₄, composition ⿱旦里)

References

KangXi: page 1292, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40138
Dae Jaweon: page 1794, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3683, character 2
Unihan data for U+91CF
Unihan data for U+F97E

Chinese

simp. and trad.		量
2nd round simp.		𰅊
alternative forms		𣊹𨤥𨤦

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 量
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (量) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
糧	*raŋ
量	raŋ, raŋs

Inconclusive. In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, the most common form was 日 (“sun”) + 東 (“bag; east”). Here are a few proposed interpretations as an ideogrammic compound (會意) :

日 was sometimes replaced with 田, so Qiu Xigui thinks that it may be the original character of 糧 (OC *raŋ, “grain field”).
Yu Xingwu interprets it as measuring something under the sun.
Guo Moruo interprets it as the sun rising in the east – original character of 亮 (OC *raŋs).

Shuowen interprets this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *raŋ, *raŋs) : phonetic 曏 (OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs) + 重 (“weight; heavy”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)raŋ (“to count, to measure”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate to Tibetan བགྲང (bgrang, “to count”), Khaling ʾkhran-ne, Burmese ခြင် (hkrang, “to measure capacity”), Nusu xɹɯ³¹ (“to count”).

Pronunciation 2 is possibly a *-s suffixed exopassive derivation of Pronunciation 1; thus it means "what is measured → a measure" and is cognate to Tibetan [script needed] (grangs, “number”) (see also Unger (1983))

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): liáng (liang²)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˊ
(Chengdu, SP): niang²
Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): liòng
(Meixian, Guangdong): liong²
Min Dong (BUC): liòng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): niû / niô͘ / liông / liâng
(Teochew, Peng'im): liang⁵ / nion⁵ / niên⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): lian (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liáng
  - Wade–Giles: liang²
  - Yale: lyáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liang
  - Palladius: лян (ljan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɑŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: niang²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: liang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niaŋ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: loeng⁴
  - Yale: lèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: lêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lœːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: liongˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: liong²
  - Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: liong²
  - Sinological IPA: /liɔŋ¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: liòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃uoŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niû
  - Tâi-lô: niû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: niuu
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Lukang, Yilan, Kinmen): /niũ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /niũ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niô͘
  - Tâi-lô: niôo
  - IPA (Tainan): /niɔ̃²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /niɔ̃¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liông
  - Tâi-lô: liông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lioong
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /liɔŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâng
  - Tâi-lô: liâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liaang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liaŋ¹³/

Note:

niû/niô͘ - vernacular;
liông/liâng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: liang⁵ / nion⁵ / niên⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liâng / niôⁿ / niêⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liaŋ⁵⁵/, /nĩõ⁵⁵/, /nĩẽ⁵⁵/

Note:

liang5 - literary;
nion5/niên5 - vernacular (niên5 - Chaozhou).

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: lian (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liã²³/

Middle Chinese: /lɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	量
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	呂章切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/liɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/liɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/liaŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	loeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]aŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*raŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	量
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liáng
Middle Chinese	‹ ljang ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]aŋ/
English	measure (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	量
Reading #	1/2
No.	8064
Phonetic component	量
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*raŋ/
Notes	甲金文下從東，上日甲文作囗，象估量下種範圍，非曏聲

Definitions

量

to measure
to estimate; to evaluate

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 量 (“to measure”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		度
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		量
Mandarin	Beijing	量
	Harbin	量
	Yantai (Muping)	量
	Jinan	量
	Luoyang	量
	Wanrong	量
	Xi'an	量
	Yinchuan	量
	Xining	量
	Ürümqi	量
	Chengdu	量
	Guiyang	量
	Guilin	量
	Liuzhou	量
	Xuzhou	量
	Yangzhou	量
	Nanjing	量
Cantonese	Hong Kong	度, 量
Wu	Shanghai	量

Compounds

Derived terms from 量

丈量 (zhàngliáng)
不可限量 (bùkě xiànliàng)
不量
五量店
品量
平量
度量 (dùliàng)
思量 (sīliáng)
拇量
掂量 (diānliáng)
摸量
斟量
智量
毫不思量
玉尺量才
端量
考量 (kǎoliáng)
自由裁量
衡量 (héngliáng)
裁量 (cáiliáng)
酌量 (zhuóliáng)

量值
量具 (liángjù)
量匙
量度 (liángdù)
量杯 (liángbēi)
量筒 (liángtǒng)
量角器 (liángjiǎoqì)
量酒
量酒人
量雨表
限量 (xiànliàng)
以升量石
三角測量／三角测量
唱籌量沙／唱筹量沙
工程測量／工程测量
平面測量／平面测量
斗量車載／斗量车载
東量西折／东量西折
權量／权量
水準測量／水准测量
沒量斗／没量斗

海水難量／海水难量
測量／测量 (cèliáng)
測量學／测量学 (cèliángxué)
測量衛星／测量卫星
照相測量／照相测量
稱薪量水／称薪量水
籌量／筹量
胡思亂量／胡思乱量
衡石量書／衡石量书
計量／计量 (jìliàng)
評量／评量
論量／论量
費商量／费商量
費思量／费思量
路線測量／路线测量
車載斗量／车载斗量 (chēzàidǒuliàng)
量測／量测
量熱計／量热计
量能課稅／量能课税
量體裁衣／量体裁衣 (liàngtǐcáiyī)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): liàng (liang⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˋ
(Chengdu, SP): niang⁴
Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng⁶
Gan (Wiktionary): liong⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): liong
(Meixian, Guangdong): liong⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): lion³
Min Dong (BUC): liông
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): niū / niō͘ / liōng / liāng
(Teochew, Peng'im): liang⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): lian (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liàng
  - Wade–Giles: liang⁴
  - Yale: lyàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lianq
  - Palladius: лян (ljan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: niang⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: liang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niaŋ²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: loeng⁶
  - Yale: leuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lœːŋ²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: liong⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liɔŋ¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liong
  - Hakka Romanization System: liong
  - Hagfa Pinyim: liong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: liong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /liɔŋ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lion³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /liɒ̃⁴⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: liông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃uɔŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niū
  - Tâi-lô: niū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: niu
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Yilan): /niũ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /niũ²²/
  - IPA (Lukang): /niũ³¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /niũ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niō͘
  - Tâi-lô: niōo
  - IPA (Tainan): /niɔ̃³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /niɔ̃²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liōng
  - Tâi-lô: liōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liong
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liāng
  - Tâi-lô: liāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liaŋ²²/

Note:

niū/niō͘ - vernacular;
liōng/liāng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: liang⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liăng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liaŋ³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: lian (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liã²³/

Middle Chinese: /lɨɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	量
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力讓切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/liɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/liɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/liaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/lĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	loeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]aŋ-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*raŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	量
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liàng
Middle Chinese	‹ ljang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]aŋ-s/
English	measure (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	量
Reading #	2/2
No.	8065
Phonetic component	量
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	亮
Old Chinese	/*raŋs/

Definitions

量

(historical) measuring vessel, such as the dou or hu
measure; measurement; quantity
capacity; volume
(Buddhist logic) pramana
(Min Nan) large steelyard
to estimate; to approximate

Compounds

Derived terms from 量

不定量
不料量
不自量 (bùzìliàng)
不自量力 (bùzìliànglì)
不量力
交通流量
交通量
估量 (gūliang)
充其量 (chōngqíliàng)
光通量
公路容量
分子量 (fēnzǐliàng)
分量 (fènliàng)
力量 (lìliàng)
加氯量
原子量 (yuánzǐliàng)
向量 (xiàngliàng)
吞吐量 (tūntǔliàng)
含水量 (hánshuǐliàng)
含沙量
含量 (hánliàng)
器量
垃圾量
多量 (duōliàng)
大人大量
大福大量
大量 (dàliàng)
存量
宇量
定量 (dìngliàng)
小量 (xiǎoliàng)
少量 (shǎoliàng)
局量
屈量
常量 (chángliàng)
度德量力 (duódéliànglì)
度量器
度量衡 (dùliànghéng)
式量 (shìliàng)
弘量
微量 (wēiliàng)
微量元素 (wēiliàng yuánsù)
忖量 (cǔnliàng)
志量
成交量 (chéngjiāoliàng)
打量 (dǎliang)
批量 (pīliàng)
排水量
放量
有量 (yǒuliàng)
未可限量
水量 (shuǐliàng)
洪量 (hóngliàng)
流量 (liúliàng)
海量 (hǎiliàng)

物理量 (wùlǐliàng)
矢量 (shǐliàng)
等量 (děngliàng)
肚量 (dùliàng)
肺活量 (fèihuóliàng)
能量 (néngliàng)
自不量力 (zìbùliànglì)
自量 (zìliàng)
血量 (xuèliàng)
跑道容量
道路容量
酒量 (jiǔliàng)
重量 (zhòngliàng)
量出制入
量刑 (liàngxíng)
量力而行 (liànglì'érxíng)
量化 (liànghuà)
量大
量如江海
量小力微
量小易盈
量感
量移
量窄
量腹取足
量雅
降水量 (jiàngshuǐliàng)
雅量 (yǎliàng)
雨量 (yǔliàng)
雨量器
音量 (yīnliàng)
食量 (shíliàng)
乾量／干量
儘量／尽量 (jǐnliàng)
儲水量／储水量
先識遠量／先识远量
克當量／克当量
前途無量／前途无量 (qiántúwúliàng)
劑量／剂量 (jìliàng)
功德無量／功德无量 (gōngdéwúliàng)
化學當量／化学当量 (huàxué dāngliàng)
吸收劑量／吸收剂量
四無量心／四无量心
夠分量／够分量
寬宏大量／宽宏大量 (kuānhóng dàliàng)
寬洪大量／宽洪大量
寬洪海量／宽洪海量
年產量／年产量 (niánchǎnliàng)
恆量／恒量
數量／数量 (shùliàng)
數量詞／数量词
極量／极量
比權量力／比权量力
比量齊觀／比量齐观
漁獲量／渔获量

潮氣量／潮气量 (cháoqìliàng)
無量／无量 (wúliàng)
無量壽佛／无量寿佛
無量壽經／无量寿经
生產量／生产量
產量／产量 (chǎnliàng)
盡量／尽量 (jìnliàng)
碩量／硕量
等量齊觀／等量齐观
羽量級／羽量级
聲量／声量
腦量／脑量
膽量／胆量 (dǎnliàng)
落塵量／落尘量
藥量／药量
衝量／冲量 (chōngliàng)
複合量詞／复合量词
記憶容量／记忆容量
識量弘恢／识量弘恢
負荷量／负荷量
質量／质量 (zhìliàng)
質量數／质量数 (zhìliàngshù)
軌量／轨量
較時量力／较时量力
較短量長／较短量长
較量／较量 (jiàoliàng)
載客量／载客量
載重量／载重量 (zàizhòngliàng)
輕量貨幣／轻量货币
運量／运量
過量／过量 (guòliàng)
適量／适量 (shìliàng)
重量級／重量级 (zhòngliàngjí)
量入為出／量入为出 (liàngrùwéichū)
量力而為／量力而为 (liànglì'érwéi)
量子力學／量子力学 (liàngzǐ lìxué)
量小氣窄／量小气窄
量才錄用／量才录用
量時度力／量时度力
量材錄用／量材录用
量淺／量浅
量產／量产 (liàngchǎn)
量詞／量词 (liàngcí)
量變／量变 (liàngbiàn)
量販／量贩 (liàngfàn)
量販店／量贩店 (liàngfàndiàn)
量輕／量轻
銖銖校量／铢铢校量
銷量／销量 (xiāoliàng)
錙銖較量／锱铢较量
間量／间量
雲量／云量
電量／电量 (diànliàng)
風量／风量

References

“量”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

量

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

From Middle Chinese 量 (MC lɨɐŋ); compare Mandarin 量 (liáng):

Go-on: ろう (rō)^{←らう (rau, historical)}
Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←りやう (ryau, historical)}

From Middle Chinese 量 (MC lɨɐŋ^H); compare Mandarin 量 (liàng):

Go-on: ろう (rō)^{←らう (rau, historical)}
Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←りやう (ryau, historical)}

From native Japanese roots:

Kun: はかる (hakaru, 量る, Jōyō); かさ (kasa, 量); はかり (hakari, 量り); ます (masu, 量)
Nanori: かず (kazu); さと (sato); とも (tomo); はかり (hakari); はかる (hakaru)

Compounds

音量(おんりょう) (onryō): sound volume
狭量(きょうりょう) (kyōryō)
斤量(きんりょう) (kinryō): weight
計量(けいりょう) (keiryō)
考量(こうりょう) (kōryō)
降水(こうすい)量(りょう) (kōsuiryō)
少量(しょうりょう) (shōryō), 小量(しょうりょう) (shōryō)
定量(ていりょう) (teiryō)
量感(りょうかん) (ryōkan)
量産(りょうさん) (ryōsan)
量子(りょうし) (ryōshi): quantum

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
量
りょう Grade: 4
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 量 (MC lɨɐŋ^H, “measure”).

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on

(Tokyo) りょー [ryóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [ɾʲo̞ː]

Noun

量(りょう) • (ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)^?}

volume, amount
交通(こうつう)量(りょう)
kōtsū-ryō
amount of traffic
なかなかの量(りょう)
nakanaka no ryō
a considerable amount
(Buddhist logic) pramana
比(ひ)量(りょう)
hi-ryō
pramana of Reasoning

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
量
はか Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Cognate with 計り (hakari).[1]

Alternative forms

捗, 果, 計

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) はか [hàkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [ha̠ka̠]

Noun

量(はか) • (haka)

progress

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

量 (eumhun 헤아릴 량 (hearil ryang), South Korea 헤아릴 양 (hearil yang))

Hanja form^? of 량/양 (“volume; amount”).

Compounds

강수량 (降水量, gangsuryang, “precipitation”)
질량 (質量, jillyang, “mass”)

Vietnamese

Han character

量: Hán Nôm readings: lường, lượng, nhân

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN