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单词
释义

See also:
U+91CE, 野
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91CE

[U+91CD]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+91CF]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 166, +4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田土弓戈弓 (WGNIN), four-corner 67122, composition里予)

Derived characters

  • 嘢, 墅

References

  • KangXi: page 1291, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40133
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1793, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3683, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+91CE

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms
 



𡐨



𡐨

𡑀

Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *laːʔ, *ɦljaʔ) : semantic (field) + semantic (earth) + phonetic (OC *la, *laʔ).

Etymology 1

Various etymologies have been proposed:

  • From a hypothetical common Sino-Tibetan *la (“area far from settlements; wilderness”): compare Tibetan (la, mountain pass; hillside; mountainslope) (Schuessler, 2007);
  • Related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *laʔ (to spread, extend): compare Khmer លា (liə, to unfold, spread, open out) (Schuessler, 2007);
  • From a Sino-Tibetan root meaning “hut; pantry”: compare Tibetan ལྷས (lhas, pen; fold; cattle enclosure) (Starostin).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): yě (ye3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˇ
    (Chengdu, SP): ye3
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): е (i͡ə, II)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): je5
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yie4
  • Gan (Wiktionary): ia3
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS):
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ya1 / ya3
  • Jin (Wiktionary): ie2
  • Min Bei (KCR): iǎ / ià
  • Min Dong (BUC):
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ):
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ia2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): hhia (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): ia3 / ie3

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin:
      • Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin:
      • Wade–Giles: yeh3
      • Yale:
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yee
      • Palladius: е (je)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /jɛ²¹⁴/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: ye3
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ie
      • Sinological IPA (key): /iɛ⁵³/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: е (i͡ə, II)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /iə⁵¹/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: je5
      • Yale: yéh
      • Cantonese Pinyin: je5
      • Guangdong Romanization: 5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /jɛː¹³/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: yie4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /jiɛ²¹/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: ia3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ia²¹³/
  • Hakka
    • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:
      • Hakka Romanization System: ia´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ya1
      • Sinological IPA: /i̯a²⁴/
    • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:
      • Hakka Romanization System: (r)ia´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ya1
      • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯a²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ya1 / ya3
      • Sinological IPA: /ia⁴⁴/, /ia³¹/
Note:
  • Meixian:
    • ya1 - vernacular;
    • ya3 - literary.
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: ie2
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie⁵³/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iǎ / ià
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ia²¹/, /ia⁴²/
Note:
  • iǎ - literary;
  • ià - vernacular.
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê:
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ia³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • Phofsit Daibuun: iar
      • IPA (Xiamen): /ia⁵³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ia⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ia⁵³/
      • IPA (Taipei): /ia⁵³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ia⁴¹/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ia2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like:
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ia⁵²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: hhia (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɦia̱²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: ia3 / ie3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ia̠⁴¹/, /ie̞⁴¹/
Note:
  • ia3 - vernacular;
  • ie3 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
MandarinBeijing/iɛ²¹⁴/
Harbin/iɛ²¹³/
Tianjin/ie¹³/
Jinan/iə⁵⁵/
Qingdao/iə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou/iɛ⁵³/
Xi'an/iɛ⁵³/
Xining/i⁵³/
Yinchuan/ie⁵³/
Lanzhou/iə⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi/iɤ⁵¹/
Wuhan/ie⁴²/
Chengdu/ie⁵³/
Guiyang/ie⁴²/
Kunming/iɛ⁵³/
Nanjing/ie²¹²/
Hefei/i²⁴/
JinTaiyuan/ie⁵³/
Pingyao/ie̞⁵³/
Hohhot/ie⁵³/
WuShanghai/ɦia²³/
Suzhou/ɦiɑ³¹/
Hangzhou/ʔie̞⁵³/
/ʔi⁵³/
Wenzhou/i³⁵/
HuiShexian/ie³⁵/
/ia³⁵/
Tunxi/ia²⁴/
XiangChangsha/ie⁴¹/
/ia⁴¹/
Xiangtan/iɒ⁴²/
GanNanchang/iɑ²¹³/
HakkaMeixian/ia⁴⁴/
/ia³¹/
Taoyuan/ʒɑ²⁴/
CantoneseGuangzhou/jɛ²³/
Nanning/jɛ²⁴/
Hong Kong/jɛ¹³/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/ia⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/ia³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/ia²¹/
/ia⁴²/
Shantou (Min Nan)/ia⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan)/ze²¹³/
/ia²¹³/

  • Middle Chinese: /jiaX/
Rime
Character
Reading #2/2
Initial () (36)
Final () (100)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()III
Fanqie羊者切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/jiaX/
Pan
Wuyun
/jiaX/
Shao
Rongfen
/iaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/jiaX/
Li
Rong
/iaX/
Wang
Li
/jĭaX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/i̯aX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
je5
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lAʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*laːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ X ›
Old
Chinese
/*lAʔ/
Englishopen country

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/2
No.15722
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*laːʔ/

Definitions

  1. countryside; field; outskirts; wilderness
  2. plain; open country; open space
  3. area; region; boundary
  4. (among) the people; not in power; out of office
  5. unadorned; unaffected; simple; plain
  6. wild; not domesticated; stray
  7. feral; untamed; unrestrained
  8. rough; coarse; violent; boorish; rude
  9. unofficial; informal; illegal
  10. (literary or Min Dong, Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, Wu) very; quite
  11. a surname
Synonyms

Compounds

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shù (shu4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄨˋ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): seoi5, seoi6

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: shù
      • Zhuyin: ㄕㄨˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: shù
      • Wade–Giles: shu4
      • Yale: shù
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuh
      • Palladius: шу (šu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʂu⁵¹/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: seoi5, seoi6
      • Yale: séuih, seuih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: soey5, soey6
      • Guangdong Romanization: sêu5, sêu6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sɵy̯¹³/, /sɵy̯²²/

  • Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑɨʌX/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/2
Initial () (25)
Final () (22)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()III
Fanqie承與切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/d͡ʑɨʌX/
Pan
Wuyun
/d͡ʑiɔX/
Shao
Rongfen
/d͡ʑiɔX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/d͡ʑɨə̆X/
Li
Rong
/ʑiɔX/
Wang
Li
/ʑĭoX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʑi̯woX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
shù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
syu6
  • Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljaʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #2/2
No.15729
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɦljaʔ/

Definitions

  1. Original form of (shù, “field; field hut; detached residence”).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“thing; matter; stuff; etc.”).
(This character, , is a variant form of .)

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04258

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: (ya, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: (ya, Jōyō)
  • Kun: (no, , Jōyō); いなかや (inakaya, ); いやしい (iyashī, 野しい)
  • Nanori: とお ()とほ (tofo, historical); なお (nao)なほ (nafo, historical); ひろ (hiro)

As the original form of :

  • Go-on: じょ (jo)じよ (zyo, historical)
  • Kan-on: しょ (sho)しよ (syo, historical)

Compounds

Alternative forms

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
kun’yomi
  • (old or jinmeiyō form)

Etymology 1

⟨no1/nʷo//no/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [nóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA(key): [no̞]

Noun

() (no) 

  1. an area, field
    Synonyms: 野原 (nohara), 野っ原 (noppara), 野良 (nora)
  2. the hidden part of a structure
    Antonym: 化粧 (keshō)
Derived terms

Prefix

() (no-) 

  1. wild
    ()(うさぎ)nousagiwild rabbit
  2. rustic, unsophisticated
Derived terms
Idioms
  • ()() (no ni oku)
Proverbs
  • ()()(やま)() (no kure yama kure)
  • ()()(やま)() (no ni fushi yama ni fusu)
  • (あと)()となれ(やま)となれ (ato wa no to nare yama to nare)

Proper noun

() (No) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC jiaX).

Affix

() (ya) 

  1. field, plain
  2. natural, pristine
  3. rough
  4. bare, open
  5. extant, scope, sphere
  6. civil, non-governmental
  7. (baseball) ground
  8. Short for 下野 (Shimotsuke no kuni): Shimotsuke Province
Derived terms

Noun

() (ya) 

  1. an area, field
    Synonyms: 野原 (nohara), 野っ原 (noppara), 野良 (nora)
  2. a private or civil matter
    Synonym: 民間 (minkan)
Idioms
  • ()()(けん)() (ya ni iken nashi)
  • ()(くだ) (ya ni kudaru)

Adjective

() (ya) -nari

  1. (archaic) rustic, unsophisticated
Inflection

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Alternative forms

  • ()

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC jiaX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448양〯 (Yale: )
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527ᄆᆡ〮 (Yale: móy)야〯 (Yale: )

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 들 야 (deul ya))

  1. Hanja form? of (field; area).
  2. Hanja form? of (wild; savage; untamed).

Compounds

Noun

Hanja in this term

(ya) (hangeul )

  1. (in news headlines) Short for ()() (yadang, (politics) the opposition party).
    Antonym: () (yeo, (politics) the ruling party)

Usage notes

A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.

Derived terms

  • ()() (yeoya, (politics) the opposing parties)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *no.

Pronunciation appears to be distinct from (no2, possessive and case-marker particle).

Noun

(no1) (kana )

  1. an area, field
Derived terms
  • 野つ鳥 (no1 tu to2ri, pillow word)
  • 野守 (no1mori)
  • 毛野 (Ke1no1)
  • 小野 (wono1)
Descendants
  • Japanese: (no)

Etymology 2

The second sense is based on 国学 (kokugaku) scholars' reading of man'yōgana , , , etc. as ⟨nu⟩ instead of ⟨no1 before regional differences in Old Japanese terms of were discovered.

Noun

(nu) (kana )

  1. (regional, Eastern Old Japanese) an area, field
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4387), text here
      知波乃乃古乃弖加之波能保保麻例等阿夜爾加奈之美於枳弖他加枳奴
      Tiba-no2-nu no2 ko1no2te-gasipa no2 popomaredo2 aya ni kanasimi1 oki1te ta ga ki1nu
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  2. Misspelling of (no1), from the view of an Edo-period scholar of the Man'yōshū and other Old Japanese literature
Derived terms
  • 毛野 (Ke1nu)

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: (()(giả)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: [2][4][6], nhả[1][2], [1]

  1. chữ Hán form of (wild; savage).

Compounds

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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