酷
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Translingual
Han character
酷 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田竹土口 (MWHGR), four-corner 14661, composition ⿰酉告)
References
- KangXi: page 1283, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39870
- Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3583, character 10
- Unihan data for U+9177
Chinese
| trad. | 酷 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 酷 | |
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (告) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 造 | *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ |
| 慥 | *skʰuːɡs |
| 艁 | *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ |
| 糙 | *skʰuːɡs |
| 告 | *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ |
| 誥 | *kuːɡs |
| 郜 | *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ |
| 祰 | *kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ |
| 靠 | *kʰuːɡs |
| 浩 | *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb |
| 晧 | *ɡuːʔ |
| 皓 | *ɡuːʔ |
| 窖 | *kruːɡs |
| 簉 | *skʰruɡs |
| 梏 | *kruːɡ, *kuːɡ |
| 硞 | *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ |
| 牿 | *kuːɡ |
| 鵠 | *kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ |
| 酷 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 焅 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 嚳 | *kʰuːɡ |
| 頶 | *ɡuːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰuːɡ) : semantic 酉 (“alcoholic drink vessel”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).
Etymology
Original meaning was “cruel”. The sense “cool” is a phono-semantic matching of English cool.
Pronunciation
Definitions
酷
- (literary, of alcohol) strong; intense
- cruel; brutal; savage
- 殘酷／残酷 ― cánkù ― cruel
- extremely; to an extreme degree
- 酷愛／酷爱 ― kù'ài ― to have a passion for; to ardently love
- (Mandarin, slang) cool; awesome
Usage notes
Whilst English "cool" may be used in a wide variety of contexts, 酷 (and, by extension, 酷斃／酷毙 (kùbì)) is usually only used to describe something fashionable or extraordinary.
See also
- 牛 (niú)
- 強／强 (qiáng)
- 絕／绝 (jué)
Compounds
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Japanese
| Shinjitai | 酷 | |
| Kyūjitai [1] | 酷󠄁 酷+ 󠄁?(Adobe-Japan1) |  |
| 酷󠄃 酷+ 󠄃?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. | ||
Kanji
酷
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
- cruel, severe
- extremely
Readings
- Go-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
- Kun: きびしい (kibishii, 酷しい); はなはだ (hanahada, 酷だ); はなはだしい (hanahadashī, 酷だしい); ひどい (hidoi, 酷い); むごい (mugoi, 酷い)
- Nanori: あつ (atsu)
Compounds
Compounds
- 酷寒
- 酷刑
- 酷使
- 酷似
- 酷暑
- 酷評
- 酷吏
- 苛酷
- 過酷
- 厳酷
- 残酷
- 冷酷
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 酷 |
| こく Grade: S |
| on’yomi |
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC kʰuok̚). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.[2]
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) こく [kóꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])[3]
- (Tokyo) こく [kòkúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[3]
- IPA(key): [ko̞kɯ̟ᵝ]
Adjective
酷 • (koku) ←こく (koku)? -na (adnominal 酷な (koku na), adverbial 酷に (koku ni))
- [from 1754] cruel, severe, harsh, merciless
- Synonyms: むごい (mugoi), 厳しい (kibishii)
- [from 1878] extremely, excessively
- Synonym: 甚だしい (hanahadashii)
Inflection
Inflection of 酷
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 酷だろ | こくだろ | koku daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 酷で | こくで | koku de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 酷だ | こくだ | koku da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 酷な | こくな | koku na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 酷なら | こくなら | koku nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 酷であれ | こくであれ | koku de are |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 酷ではない 酷じゃない | こくではない こくじゃない | koku de wa nai koku ja nai |
| Informal past | 酷だった | こくだった | koku datta |
| Informal negative past | 酷ではなかった 酷じゃなかった | こくではなかった こくじゃなかった | koku de wa nakatta koku ja nakatta |
| Formal | 酷です | こくです | koku desu |
| Formal negative | 酷ではありません 酷じゃありません | こくではありません こくじゃありません | koku de wa arimasen koku ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 酷でした | こくでした | koku deshita |
| Formal negative past | 酷ではありませんでした 酷じゃありませんでした | こくではありませんでした こくじゃありませんでした | koku de wa arimasen deshita koku ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 酷で | こくで | koku de |
| Conditional | 酷なら（ば） | こくなら（ば） | koku nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 酷だったら | こくだったら | koku dattara |
| Volitional | 酷だろう | こくだろう | koku darō |
| Adverbial | 酷に | こくに | koku ni |
| Degree | 酷さ | こくさ | kokusa |
Classical conjugation of "酷なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 酷なら | こくなら | kokunara | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 酷に[1] 酷なり[2] | こくに こくなり | kokuni kokunari | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 酷なり | こくなり | kokunari | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 酷なる | こくなる | kokunaru | |
| Realis (已然形) | 酷なれ | こくなれ | kokunare | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 酷なれ | こくなれ | kokunare | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | 酷ならず | こくならず | kokunarazu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | 酷なれど | こくなれど | kokunaredo | |
| Causal conjunction | 酷なれば | こくなれば | kokunareba | |
| Conditional conjunction | 酷ならば | こくならば | kokunaraba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 酷なりき | こくなりき | kokunariki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 酷なりけり | こくなりけり | kokunarikeri | |
| Adverbial | 酷に | こくに | kokuni | |
| [1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Noun
酷 • (koku)
- [from 1754] cruelty, severity, harshness, mercilessness
References
- 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 2155 (paper), page 1129 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
- “酷”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 酷 (MC kʰuok̚).
Hanja
Wikisource酷 (eumhun 심할 혹 (simhal hok))
- Hanja form? of 혹 (“cruel”).
Compounds
Compounds
- 혹독 (酷毒, hokdok, “harsh”)
- 혹사 (酷使, hoksa, “exploitation”)
- 냉혹 (冷酷, naenghok, “cruelty, severity”)
- 잔혹 (殘酷, janhok, “cruelty”)
- 참혹 (慘酷, chamhok, “extreme cruelty”)
- 혹평 (酷評, hokpyeong, “censure”)
- 혹사 (酷似, hoksa, “striking resemblance”)
- 혹박 (酷薄, hokbak, “cruelty, callousness”)
- 혹렬 (酷烈, hongnyeol, “cruelty”)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
酷: Hán Nôm readings: khốc
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