酒

See also: 洒

酒	U+9152, 酒 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9152

← 酑
[U+9151]

CJK Unified Ideographs

酓 →
[U+9153]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

酒 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水一金田 (EMCW), four-corner 3116₀, composition ⿰氵酉)

Derived characters

鿐(䲤), 𭳒, 𤄍, 𦵩, 𬜂, 𫇓, 𭊼

References

KangXi: page 1281, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39776
Dae Jaweon: page 1779, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3574, character 2
Unihan data for U+9152

Chinese

trad.		酒
simp. ^#		酒
2nd round simp.		氿

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (酉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
楢	kʰjuʔ, lu
逎	*ʔslu
遒	sklu, sɡlu
蝤	sklu, sɡlu
揂	*sklu
酒	*ʔsluʔ
媨	*sklus
鞧	*skʰlu
緧	*skʰlu
趥	skʰlu, skʰluŋs
酋	*sɡlu
崷	*sɡlu
鰌	*sɡlu
煪	*sɡlu
醜	*l̥ʰjuʔ
猶	klus, lu, *lus
猷	*lu
輶	lu, luʔ, *lus
偤	*lu
莤	lu, sruɡ
蕕	*lu
庮	lu, luʔ
槱	luʔ, lus
梄	*luʔ
丣	*luʔ
酉	*luʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 酉 (“an alcoholic drink vessel”) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel - alcohol.

Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsluʔ) : semantic 水 (“water, liquid”) + phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (“liquor”) (STEDT). Cognate with 酉 (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiǔ (jiu³)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˇ
(Chengdu, SP): jiu³
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җю (ži͡u, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zau²
(Taishan, Wiktionary): diu²
Gan (Wiktionary): jiu³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chiú
(Meixian, Guangdong): jiu³
Min Bei (KCR): ciǔ
Min Dong (BUC): ciū
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chiú
(Teochew, Peng'im): ziu²
Wu (Wiktionary): jieu (T2)
Xiang (Wiktionary): ziou³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiǒu
  - Wade–Giles: chiu³
  - Yale: jyǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeou
  - Palladius: цзю (czju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjoʊ̯²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jiu³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiəu⁵³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җю (ži͡u, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiou⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zau²
  - Yale: jáu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzau²
  - Guangdong Romanization: zeo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐu̯³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: diu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tiu⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: jiu³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiu²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chiú
  - Hakka Romanization System: jiu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: jiu³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕi̯u³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: jiu³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕiu³¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ciǔ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siu²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ciū
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sieu³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiú
  - Tâi-lô: tsiú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciuo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕiu⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕiu⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕiu⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕiu⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiu⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ziu²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siu⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: jieu (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɜ³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ziou³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /t͡siəu⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡ɕiəu⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: /t͡sɨu^X/

Rime
Character	酒
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	子酉切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡siəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡suw^X/
Li Rong	/t͡siu^X/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭəu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡si̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zau²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tsuʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsluʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	酒
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ tsjuw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*tsuʔ/
English	wine
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	酒
Reading #	1/1
No.	15554
Phonetic component	酉
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	酒
Old Chinese	/*ʔsluʔ/

Definitions

酒

alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink
你幹嗎不喝點酒？／你干吗不喝点酒？ ― Nǐ gànmá bù hē diǎn jiǔ? ― How come you don't wanna have a sip of alcohol?
a surname

Synonyms

See 酒/derived terms § Alcohol (Chinese).

Compounds

See 酒/derived terms § Alcohol (Chinese).

Descendants

See 酒/derived terms § Alcohol (Chinese).

References

“酒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
“Entry #6811”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

酒

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: しゅ (shu, Jōyō)
Kan-on: しゅう (shū)^{←しう (siu, historical)}
Kun: さけ (sake, 酒, Jōyō); さか (saka, 酒, Jōyō ^†); ささ (sasa, 酒)
Nanori: さ (sa); し (shi); み (mi)

Compounds

酒(しゅ)池(ち) (shuchi)
- 酒(しゅ)池(ち)肉(にく)林(りん) (shuchinikurin)
味(うま)酒(き) (umaki)
三鞭酒(シャンパン) (shanpan, “champagne”)
濁酒(どぶろく) (doburoku)
麦酒(ビール) (bīru)
御酒(みき), 神酒(みき) (miki)
- 御神酒(おみき) (o-miki)
老(ラオ)酒(チュー) (raochū)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
酒
さけ Grade: 3
kun’yomi

⟨sake₂⟩ → /sakəɨ/ → /sake/

From Old Japanese 酒 (⟨sake₂⟩),[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *sake (whence Kikai 酒 (sē), Okinawan 酒 (saki), Miyako 酒 (saki), and Yonaguni 酒 (sagi); see the Proto-Ryukyuan entry for further cognates). Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE, with the ideographic spelling 酒.[2] Additionally, appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE.[1][2][3][4]

Appears in compounds such as 酒屋 (sakaya, “liquor store”) and 魚, 肴 (sakana, “side dish, e.g. fish and meat; a fish”) (see the derived terms of etymology 2 for more) with the reading saka,[1][2] suggesting a sound shift, most likely via fusion of Old Japanese emphatic nominal particle い (i), likely cognate with Korean nominal particle 이 (i). Compare the sound changes at 神 (kami, “god”, older bound form kamu) and 目 (me, “eye”, older bound form ma).

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

Might be cognate with 栄え (sakae), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to flourish”).[5][6]
Might be derived from 避ける (sakeru, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.[6]
Might be derived from 酒 (kushi, “rice wine, rice vodka, sake”); however, the phonological shifts required are completely unexplainable.[6]
The final -ke may be an apophonic form of Old Japanese 酒 (ki₁).[6]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さけ [sàké] (Heiban – [0])[7][8]
IPA^(key): [sa̠ke̞]
Audio (file)

Noun

酒(さけ) • (sake)

(impolite) any alcoholic beverage
(especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine)
drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages

Derived terms

お酒(さけ), 御(お)酒(さけ) (o-sake, polite form)
酒(さけ)糟(かす), 酒(さけ)粕(かす) (sakekasu)
酒(さけ)臭(くさ)い (sakekusai)
酒(さけ)好(ず)き (sakezuki)
酒(さけ)店(てん) (saketen)
酒(さけ)処(どころ) (sakedokoro)
酒(さけ)飲(の)み, 酒(さけ)呑(の)み (sakenomi)
酒(さけ)太(ぶと)り (sakebutori)
酒(さけ)焼(や)け (sakeyake)
朝(あさ)酒(ざけ) (asazake)
味(あじ)酒(ざけ) (ajizake)
甘(あま)酒(ざけ) (amazake)
大(おお)酒(ざけ) (ōzake)
燗(かん)酒(ざけ) (kanzake)
生(き)酒(ざけ) (kizake)
聞(き)き酒(ざけ), 利(き)き酒(ざけ) (kikizake, “sake tasting”)
薬(くすり)酒(ざけ) (kusurizake)
地(じ)酒(ざけ) (jizake)
白(しろ)酒(ざけ) (shirozake)
卵(たまご)酒(ざけ) (tamagozake)
樽(たる)酒(ざけ) (taruzake)
茶(ちゃ)屋(や)酒(ざけ) (chaya-zake)
濁(にご)り酒(ざけ) (nigorizake)
寝(ね)酒(ざけ) (nezake)
梯(はし)子(ご)酒(ざけ) (hashigo-zake)
火(ひ)の酒(さけ) (hinosake)
冷(ひ)や酒(ざけ) (hiyazake)
深(ふか)酒(ざけ) (fukazake)
振(ふる)舞(ま)い酒(ざけ) (furumaizake)
迎(むか)え酒(ざけ) (mukaezake, “hair of the dog”)
やけ酒(ざけ) (yakezake)
安(やす)酒(ざけ) (yasuzake)
雪(ゆき)見(み)酒(ざけ) (yukimizake)
悪(わる)酒(ざけ) (waruzake)

Idioms

酒(さけ)を煮(に)る (sake o niru)
酒(さけ)人(ひと)を吞(の)む (sake hito o nomu)

Proverbs

酒(さけ)に別(べっ)腸(ちょう)あり (sake ni betchō ari)
酒(さけ)の燗(かん)は人(ひと)肌(はだ) (sake no kan wa hitohada)
酒(さけ)の酔(よ)い本(ほん)性(しょう)違(たが)わず (sake no yoi honshō tagawazu)
酒(さけ)の酔(よ)い本(ほん)性(しょう)忘(わす)れず (sake no yoi honshō wasurezu)
酒(さけ)は憂(うれ)いの玉(たま)箒(ばはき) (sake wa urei no tamabahaki)
酒(さけ)は百(ひゃく)薬(やく)の長(ちょう) (sake wa hyakuyaku no chō)

Descendants

→ English: saké, sake, saki
→ French: saké m
- → Romanian: sake n
- → Turkish: sake

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
酒
さか Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese 酒 (⟨saka⟩),[1] ultimately from Proto-Japonic root *saka-. Likely the original form of sake above. Obsolete in modern Japanese. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sa̠ka̠]

Noun

酒(さか) • (saka)

combining form of 酒 (sake, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)

Derived terms

酒(さか)癖(ぐせ) (sakaguse), 酒(さけ)癖(ぐせ) (sakeguse)
酒(さか)蔵(ぐら) (sakagura)
杯(さかずき) (sakazuki)
盃(さかずき) (sakazuki)
酒(さか)代(だい) (sakadai)
酒(さか)断(だ)ち (sakadachi)
酒(さか)店(だな) (sakadana)
酒(さか)樽(だる) (sakadaru)
酒(さか)造(づく)り (sakazukuri)
酒(さか)壺(つぼ) (sakatsubo)
酒(さか)手(て) (sakate)
肴(さかな) (sakana, “light snack”)
- 魚(さかな) (sakana, “fish as food”)
酒(さか)場(ば) (sakaba)
酒(さか)浸(びた)り (sakabitari)
酒(さか)店(みせ) (sakamise)
酒(さか)盛(も)り (sakamori)
酒(さか)屋(や) (sakaya)
酒(さか)焼(や)け (sakayake)
酒(さか)屋(や) (sakaya)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
酒
ささ Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Originally a 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally “women's word”) term, possibly derived from reduplication of the first syllable sa from sake. Alternately, may be derived by metaphor from the Chinese-derived euphemism for sake, 竹葉 (chikuyō, literally “bamboo leaves”), as 笹 (sasa) refers to a type of short, leafy bamboo.[9][7]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ささ [sàsá] (Heiban – [0])[7]
IPA^(key): [sa̠sa̠]

Noun

酒(ささ) • (sasa)

(archaic) any alcoholic beverage, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)

Derived terms

お酒(ささ), 御(お)酒(ささ) (o-sasa)
酒(ささ)飲(の)み (sasanomi)
白(しろ)酒(ささ) (shirosasa)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
酒
しゅ Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC t͡sɨu^X).

Noun

酒(しゅ) • (shu)

an alcoholic drink, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)

Derived terms

御(ご)酒(しゅ) (goshu)
梅(うめ)酒(しゅ) (umeshu)
火(か)酒(しゅ) (kashu)
果(か)実(じつ)酒(しゅ) (kajitsushu)
禁(きん)酒(しゅ) (kinshu)
混(こん)合(ごう)酒(しゅ) (kongōshu)
混(こん)成(せい)酒(しゅ) (konseishu)
合(ごう)成(せい)酒(しゅ) (gōseishu)
雑(ざっ)酒(しゅ) (zasshu)
シェリー酒(しゅ) (sherīshu)
酒(しゅ)造(ぞう) (shuzō)
純(じゅん)米(まい)酒(しゅ) (junmaishu)
上(じょう)酒(しゅ) (jōshu)
醸(じょう)造(ぞう)酒(しゅ) (jōzōshu)
蒸(じょう)留(りゅう)酒(しゅ) (jōryūshu)
食(しょく)前(ぜん)酒(しゅ) (shokuzenshu, “appetizer”)
新(しん)酒(しゅ) (shinshu)
神(しん)酒(しゅ) (shinshu)
清(せい)酒(しゅ) (seishu, “refined sake”)
造(ぞう)酒(しゅ) (zōshu)
樽(そん)酒(しゅ) (sonshu)
斗(と)酒(しゅ) (toshu)
特(とっ)級(きゅう)酒(しゅ) (tokkyūshu)
日(に)本(ほん)酒(しゅ) (nihonshu)
麦(ばく)酒(しゅ) (bakushu)
発(はっ)泡(ぽう)酒(しゅ) (happōshu, “low-malt beer”)
葡(ぶ)萄(どう)酒(しゅ) (budōshu)
密(みつ)造(ぞう)酒(しゅ) (mitsuzōshu)
銘(めい)酒(しゅ) (meishu, “choice sake”)
薬(やく)酒(しゅ) (yakushu)
薬(やく)用(よう)酒(しゅ) (yakuyō-shu)
ラム酒(しゅ) (ramushu)
乱(らん)酒(しゅ) (ranshu)
林(りん)檎(ご)酒(しゅ) (ringoshu)

Affix

酒(しゅ) • (shu)

alcoholic drink

Derived terms

酒(しゅ)宴(えん) (shuen)
酒(しゅ)家(か) (shuka)
酒(しゅ)客(かく) (shukaku)
酒(しゅ)器(き) (shuki)
酒(しゅ)気(き) (shuki)
酒(しゅ)興(きょう) (shukyō)
酒(しゅ)肴(こう) (shukō)
酒(しゅ)豪(ごう) (shugō)
酒(しゅ)色(しょく) (shushoku)
酒(しゅ)精(せい) (shusei)
酒(しゅ)税(ぜい) (shuzei)
酒(しゅ)席(せき) (shuseki)
酒(しゅ)石(せき)酸(さん) (shusekisan)
酒(しゅ)仙(せん) (shusen)
酒(しゅ)店(てん) (shuten)
酒(しゅ)徒(と) (shuto)
酒(しゅ)毒(どく) (shudoku)
酒(しゅ)杯(はい) (shuhai)
酒(しゅ)販(はん) (shuhan)
酒(しゅ)癖(へき) (shuheki)
酒(しゅ)保(ほ) (shuho)
酒(しゅ)名(めい) (shumei)
酒(しゅ)乱(らん) (shuran)
酒(しゅ)量(りょう) (shuryō)
酒(しゅ)類(るい) (shurui)
悪(あく)酒(しゅ) (akushu)
飲(いん)酒(しゅ) (inshu)
飲(おん)酒(じゅ) (onju)
佳(か)酒(しゅ) (kashu)
願(がん)酒(しゅ) (ganshu)
葷(くん)酒(しゅ) (kunshu)
古(こ)酒(しゅ) (koshu, “aged alcohol”)
旨(し)酒(しゅ) (shishu)
節(せっ)酒(しゅ) (sesshu)
粗(そ)酒(しゅ) (soshu)
濁(だく)酒(しゅ) (dakushu)
毒(どく)酒(しゅ) (dokushu, “poisoned alcohol”)
白(はく)酒(しゅ) (hakushu)
美(び)酒(しゅ) (bishu)
洋(よう)酒(しゅ) (yōshu)
緑(りょく)酒(しゅ) (ryokushu)
冷(れい)酒(しゅ) (reishu)
老(ろう)酒(しゅ) (rōshu)

References

National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2020), “Old Japanese sake/saka”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎
“酒”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
720, Nihon Shoki (book 5: "Sūjin Tennō", poem 16), text available at Wikisource here and online here
宇磨(うま)佐開(さけ)瀰和能等能能阿佐妬珥毛伊弟低由介那瀰和能等能渡塢(みわのとのあさとにもいでてゆかなみわのとのを) [Man'yōgana]
味(うま)酒(さけ)三輪(みわ)の殿(との)の朝戸(あさと)にも出(い)でて行(ゆ)かな三輪(みわ)の殿(との)を [Modern spelling]
umasake miwa no tono no asato ni mo idete yukana miwa no tono o
The Hall of Miwa (of sweet sake fame); even its morning door; we would go forth from; the door of the Hall of Miwa.
c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 17), text available online here
“酒”, in 世界大百科事典第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
酒／さけ - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC t͡sɨu^X).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	쥬ᇢ〯 (Yale: cyǔw)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	술 (Yale: swùl)	쥬〮 (Yale: cyú)

Pronunciation

(alcoholic beverage; etc.):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕu]
- Phonetic hangul: [주]
(in 주정 (酒酊, jujeong)):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [주(ː)]
  - Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource酒 (eumhun 술 주 (sul ju))

Hanja form^? of 주 (“alcoholic beverage”). [affix]

Compounds

맥주 (麥酒, maekju)
소주 (燒酒, soju)
약주 (藥酒, yakju)
양주 (洋酒, yangju)
음주 (飮酒, eumju)
주가 (酒家, juga)
주점 (酒店, jujeom)
주포 (酒舖, jupo)
탁주 (濁酒, takju)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji

酒

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

On: す (su)
Kun: さき (saki, 酒)

Compounds

古酒 (kūsu)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
酒
さき Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *sake, from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with mainland Japanese 酒 (sake).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [saki][1]

Noun

酒 (hiragana さき, rōmaji saki)

any alcoholic beverage (wine, whisky, sake, etc.)

Derived terms

大酒 ('ūjaki)
大和酒 (Yamatu-jaki)

References

“さき【酒】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Old Japanese

Compounds

神酒 (mi₁wa)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *sakay. Sound shift from saka below, possibly via fusion of emphatic nominal particle い (i). Compare the development of 神 (kami₂, “god”, older bound form kamu) and 目 (me₂, “eye”, older bound form ma).

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

Might be cognate with 榮𛀁 (sakaye), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, “to flourish”).
Might be derived from 避く (saku, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
The final -ke₂ may be the apophonic form of 酒 (ki₁).

Noun

酒 (sake₂) (kana さけ)

any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:酒.

Derived terms

味酒 (umasake₂)
待ち酒 (matizake₂)

Descendants

Japanese: 酒 (sake)

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic root *saka-. Likely the original form of sake₂ above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Noun

酒 (saka) (kana さか)

combining form of 酒 (sake₂, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)

Derived terms

酒水漬く (sakami₁duku)
酒坏, 酒杯 (sakaduki₁)
酒壺 (sakatubo)

Noun

酒 (ki₁) (kana き)

any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake

Derived terms

御酒 (mi₁-ki₁)
黒酒 (kuro₁ki₂)
白酒 (siro₁ki₂)

Descendants

Japanese: 味酒 (umaki)
Japanese: お神酒 (o-miki)

Etymology 4

Cognate with 奇し (kusi, “strange, wondrous, miraculous”), which is also the root for modern 薬 (kusuri, “medicine”).[1]

Noun

酒 (kusi) (kana くし)

any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 32)[2]
  許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受久志能加美登許余邇伊麻須伊波多多須...
  ko₂no₂ mi₁-ki₁ wo waga mi₁-ki₁ narazu kusi no₂ kami₁ to₂ko₂yo₂ ni imasu ipa tatasu...
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

酒の司, 酒の長 (kusi no₂ kami₁)
笑酒, 咲酒 (wegusi)

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Tsuchihashi, Yutaka; Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Vietnamese

Alternative forms

𨢇 (rượu)[1]

Han character

酒: Hán Việt readings: tửu (子(tử)酉(dậu)切(thiết))[2][3][1][4][5]
酒: Nôm readings: rượu[2][3][1][6], tửu[3][4][7], giậu[1]

chữ Hán form of tửu (“alcoholic beverage”).
Nôm form of rượu (“rice alcohol”).

Compounds

酒店 (tửu điếm)
酒量 (tửu lượng)
酒館 (tửu quán)
酒色 (tửu sắc)
御酒 (ngự tửu)
送酒 (tống tửu)

References

Trần (2004).
Nguyễn (2014).
Nguyễn et al. (2009).
Bonet (1899).
Génibrel (1898).
Hồ (1976).
Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[ONCOJSake-1] National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2020), “Old Japanese sake/saka”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎

[KDJ2Sake-2] “酒”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN

[NS-Sake-3] 720, Nihon Shoki (book 5: "Sūjin Tennō", poem 16), text available at Wikisource here and online here
宇磨(うま)佐開(さけ)瀰和能等能能阿佐妬珥毛伊弟低由介那瀰和能等能渡塢(みわのとのあさとにもいでてゆかなみわのとのを) [Man'yōgana]
味(うま)酒(さけ)三輪(みわ)の殿(との)の朝戸(あさと)にも出(い)でて行(ゆ)かな三輪(みわ)の殿(との)を [Modern spelling]
umasake miwa no tono no asato ni mo idete yukana miwa no tono o
The Hall of Miwa (of sweet sake fame); even its morning door; we would go forth from; the door of the Hall of Miwa.

[MYS-Sake-4] . 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 17), text available online here

[5] “酒”, in 世界大百科事典第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998

[GYJSake-6] 酒／さけ - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)

[DJR-7] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-8] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[9] 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[10] “さき【酒】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

[11] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[12] Tsuchihashi, Yutaka; Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[gdhn-13] Trần (2004).

[tdcndg-14] Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-15] Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[bonet-16] Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-17] Génibrel (1898).

[btcn-18] Hồ (1976).

[taberd-19] Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).