過ぎる

過ぎる

Japanese

Kanji in this term
過
す Grade: 5
kun’yomi

Etymology

From Old Japanese 過ぐ. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Likely cognate with 挿げる (sugeru, “to pass a hole through something”), 直ぐ (sugu, “straight through”, adverb).

Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *sùNk-.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) すぎ​る [sùgíꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])[2][3]
• IPA^(key): [sɨᵝɡʲiɾɯ̟ᵝ]

• Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "過ぎる"

Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	過ぎる	すぎ​る	[sùgíꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形)	過ぎろ	すぎ​ろ	[sùgíꜜrò]
Key constructions
Passive	過ぎられる	すぎられ​る	[sùgíráréꜜrù]
Causative	過ぎさせる	すぎさせ​る	[sùgísáséꜜrù]
Potential	過ぎられる	すぎられ​る	[sùgíráréꜜrù]
Volitional	過ぎよう	すぎよ​ー	[sùgíyóꜜò]
Negative	過ぎない	すぎ​ない	[sùgíꜜnàì]
Negative perfective	過ぎなかった	すぎ​なかった	[sùgíꜜnàkàttà]
Formal	過ぎます	すぎま​す	[sùgímáꜜsù]
Perfective	過ぎた	す​ぎた	[súꜜgìtà]
Conjunctive	過ぎて	す​ぎて	[súꜜgìtè]
Hypothetical conditional	過ぎれば	すぎ​れば	[sùgíꜜrèbà]

Verb

過(す)ぎる • (sugiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 過(す)ぎ (sugi), past 過(す)ぎた (sugita))

Japanese verb pair
active	過ごす
mediopassive	過ぎる

1. to pass by, to pass through; to go beyond

   あの子(こ)もおもちゃで遊(あそ)ぶ年(とし)は過(す)ぎるころだ。

   Ano ko mo omocha de asobu toshi wa sugiru koro da.

   He will soon be past playing with toys.

2. to elapse; to exceed

   あれから半年(はんとし)が過(す)ぎた。

   Are kara hantoshi ga sugita.

   Half a year had passed since it had happened.

3. to be excessive

   解釈違(かいしゃくちが)いが過(す)ぎる

   kaishaku chigai ga sugiru

   the difference in interpretation is too much

4. (auxiliary) too, too much (verb)

   その靴(くつ)は高(たか)すぎる。

   Sono kutsu wa takasugiru.

   These shoes are too expensive.

   大(おお)きすぎるからトランクに入(はい)らないぞ。

   Ōkisugiru kara toranku ni hairanai zo.

   Dude, it isn't going to fit into the trunk because it's too big.

   あまり酒(さけ)を飲(の)み過(す)ぎるのは、危険(きけん)だ。

   Amari sake o nomisugiru no wa, kiken da.

   It is dangerous to drink too much.

Usage notes

• When used as an auxiliary, it is usually written in kana: すぎる (sugiru).
• Can also be attached to adjectives in some situations

• 遠(とお)すぎる (tōsugiru): to be too far away; to be beyond reach

• When すぎる (sugiru) is attached to the end of other verbs and adjectives is denotes the meaning of "too much".
• (verbs) The verb is directly attached to the stem or the continuative form (連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei)) of the verb:

  飲(の)みすぎる (nomisugiru); to drink too much

  食(た)べすぎる (tabesugiru); to eat too much

  寝(ね)すぎる (nesugiru); to sleep too much

• (na-adjectives) The verb is simply attached to the adjectives:

  静(しず)かすぎる (shizukasugiru); too quiet.

• (i-adjectives) The last い (i) is removed before attaching the verb:

  大(おお)きすぎる (ōkisugiru); too big

  高(たか)すぎる (takasugiru); too expensive

Conjugation

Conjugation of "過ぎる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	過ぎ	すぎ	sugi
Continuative (連用形)	過ぎ	すぎ	sugi
Terminal (終止形)	過ぎる	すぎる	sugiru
Attributive (連体形)	過ぎる	すぎる	sugiru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	過ぎれ	すぎれ	sugire
Imperative (命令形)	過ぎよ¹ 過ぎろ²	すぎよ¹ すぎろ²	sugiyo¹ sugiro²
Key constructions
Passive	過ぎられる	すぎられる	sugirareru
Causative	過ぎさせる 過ぎさす	すぎさせる すぎさす	sugisaseru sugisasu
Potential	過ぎられる 過ぎれる³	すぎられる すぎれる³	sugirareru sugireru³
Volitional	過ぎよう	すぎよう	sugiyō
Negative	過ぎない 過ぎぬ 過ぎん	すぎない すぎぬ すぎん	suginai suginu sugin
Negative continuative	過ぎず	すぎず	sugizu
Formal	過ぎます	すぎます	sugimasu
Perfective	過ぎた	すぎた	sugita
Conjunctive	過ぎて	すぎて	sugite
Hypothetical conditional	過ぎれば	すぎれば	sugireba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Related terms

• すぐ (sugu, “soon”)
• 真(ま)っ直(す)ぐ (massugu, “straight, directly”)

References

1. “過”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN