通過

通過

See also: 通过

Chinese

		go through; know well; to connect go through; know well; to connect; to communicate; open	to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker) to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker); to pass; to celebrate; to live; to get along; excessively; too-
trad. (通過)		通	過
simp. (通过)		通	过

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tōngguò

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tung¹ gwo³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thûng-ko
• Min Nan (POJ): thong-kèr / thong-kè / thong-kòe

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: tōngguò
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˋ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tongguoh
    • IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: tung¹ gwo³
    • Yale: tūng gwo
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tung¹ gwo³
    • Guangdong Romanization: tung¹ guo³
    • IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thûng-ko
    • Hakka Romanization System: tung´ go
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tung¹ go⁴
    • IPA: /tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kèr
    • Tâi-lô: thong-kèr
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ³³ kə⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kè
    • Tâi-lô: thong-kè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tongkex
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ke²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ke¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kòe
    • Tâi-lô: thong-kuè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tongkoex
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue²¹/

Preposition

通過

1. via; by; by means of; through

Synonyms

edit

經由／经由 (jīngyóu) 經過／经过 (jīngguò)

透過／透过 (tòuguò) (chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong)

Verb

通過

1. to pass (a measure or bill in parliament)
2. to pass by; to pass through
3. to pass (a test)

   通過測驗 / 通过测验  ―  tōngguò cèyàn  ―  to pass a test

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
通	過
つう Grade: 2	か Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
  • (Tokyo) つうか [tsùúká] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝːka̠]

Noun

通過 (hiragana つうか, rōmaji tsūka)

1. passage through an object
2. passage of a test in school
3. passage of a bill
4. passage through a screening

Synonyms

• (passage through): 通 (つう)行 (こう) (tsūkō), 通 (とお)る (tōru)
• (passage of a test): 合格 (ごうかく) (gōkaku), 通 (とお)る (tōru)
• (passage of a bill): 可決 (かけつ) (kaketsu), 通 (とお)る (tōru)
• (passage through a screening): 通 (とお)る (tōru)

Verb

通過する (intransitive, hiragana つうかする, rōmaji tsūka suru)

1. pass through something
2. pass a test
3. pass a bill
4. pass a screening

Conjugation

Conjugation of "通過する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	通過し	つうかし	tsūka shi
Continuative (連用形)	通過し	つうかし	tsūka shi
Terminal (終止形)	通過する	つうかする	tsūka suru
Attributive (連体形)	通過する	つうかする	tsūka suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	通過すれ	つうかすれ	tsūka sure
Imperative (命令形)	通過せよ¹ 通過しろ²	つうかせよ¹ つうかしろ²	tsūka seyo¹ tsūka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	通過される	つうかされる	tsūka sareru
Causative	通過させる 通過さす	つうかさせる つうかさす	tsūka saseru tsūka sasu
Potential	通過できる	つうかできる	tsūka dekiru
Volitional	通過しよう	つうかしよう	tsūka shiyō
Negative	通過しない	つうかしない	tsūka shinai
Negative continuative	通過せず	つうかせず	tsūka sezu
Formal	通過します	つうかします	tsūka shimasu
Perfective	通過した	つうかした	tsūka shita
Conjunctive	通過して	つうかして	tsūka shite
Hypothetical conditional	通過すれば	つうかすれば	tsūka sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

1. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

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Korean

Hanja in this term
通	過

Noun

通過 • (tonggwa) (hangeul 통과)

1. Hanja form^? of 통과 (“passage”).