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单词 蹴る
释义

蹴る

Japanese

Kanji in this term
蹴
け
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Etymology

*/kuwu/ → /kuweru/ → /kʷeru/ → /keru/

From Old Japanese verb 蹴う (kuu).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

The conjugation shifted from 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”) (/kuwe-/, /kuu/) to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/kʷe-/, /kʷeru/) in Early Middle Japanese. This verb was the only shimo ichidan verb in Early Middle Japanese.[1]

Pronunciation of /kʷe/ changed to /ke/ before around 1300.[1]

The conjugation irregularly shifted from 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/ke-/, /keru/) to 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) (/ker-/, /keru/) after the early Edo period.[1]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) け​る [kéꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3][4] as a godan verb
  • IPA(key): [ke̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "蹴る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		蹴るけ​る[kéꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形)蹴れけ​れ[kéꜜrè]
Key constructions
Passive蹴られるけられ​る[kèráréꜜrù]
Causative蹴らせるけらせ​る[kèráséꜜrù]
Potential蹴れるけれ​る[kèréꜜrù]
Volitional蹴ろうけろ​ー[kèróꜜò]
Negative蹴らないけら​ない[kèráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective蹴らなかったけら​なかった[kèráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal蹴りますけりま​す[kèrímáꜜsù]
Perfective蹴ったけ​った[kéꜜttà]
Conjunctive蹴ってけ​って[kéꜜttè]
Hypothetical conditional蹴ればけ​れば[kéꜜrèbà]

Verb

蹴(け)る • (keru) transitive godan (stem 蹴(け)り (keri), past 蹴(け)った (ketta))

  1. to kick (something)
    ボールを蹴(け)った。
    Bōru o ketta.
    (He) kicked the ball.
  2. to leave a place, particularly in a wild, angry, or violent fashion: to storm out (in the form 席を蹴る (seki o keru, “to kick one's seat”))
    会(かい)議(ぎ)の席(せき)を蹴(け)って部屋(へや)を出(で)た。
    Kaigi no seki o kette heya o deta.
    (He) stormed out of the conference room.
  3. to reject
    申(もう)し出(で)を蹴(け)った。
    Mōshide o ketta.
    (He) refused the proposal.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "蹴る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)蹴らけらkera
Continuative (連用形)蹴りけりkeri
Terminal (終止形)蹴るけるkeru
Attributive (連体形)蹴るけるkeru
Hypothetical (仮定形)蹴れけれkere
Imperative (命令形)蹴れけれkere
Key constructions
Passive蹴られるけられるkerareru
Causative蹴らせる
蹴らす		けらせる
けらす		keraseru
kerasu
Potential蹴れるけれるkereru
Volitional蹴ろうけろうkerō
Negative蹴らないけらないkeranai
Negative continuative蹴らずけらずkerazu
Formal蹴りますけりますkerimasu
Perfective蹴ったけったketta
Conjunctive蹴ってけってkette
Hypothetical conditional蹴ればければkereba
  • Old Japanese:
Classical conjugation of "蹴う" (ワ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)蹴ゑくゑkuwe
Continuative (連用形)蹴ゑくゑkuwe
Terminal (終止形)蹴うくうkuu
Attributive (連体形)蹴うるくうるkuuru
Realis (已然形)蹴うれくうれkuure
Imperative (命令形)蹴ゑよくゑよkuweyo
Key constructions
Negative蹴ゑずくゑずkuwezu
Contrasting conjunction蹴うれどくうれどkuuredo
Causal conjunction蹴うればくうればkuureba
Conditional conjunction蹴ゑばくゑばkuweba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)蹴ゑきくゑきkuweki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)蹴ゑけりくゑけりkuwekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)蹴ゑつくゑつkuwetu
Perfect tense (natural event)蹴ゑぬくゑぬkuwenu
Perfect-continuative tense蹴ゑたりくゑたりkuwetari
Volitional蹴ゑむくゑむkuwemu
  • Early Middle Japanese, early Late Middle Japanese (before around 1300):
Classical conjugation of "蹴ゑる" (カ行下一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)蹴ゑくゑkwe
Continuative (連用形)蹴ゑくゑkwe
Terminal (終止形)蹴ゑるくゑるkweru
Attributive (連体形)蹴ゑるくゑるkweru
Realis (已然形)蹴ゑれくゑれkwere
Imperative (命令形)蹴ゑよくゑよkweyo
Key constructions
Negative蹴ゑずくゑずkwezu
Contrasting conjunction蹴ゑれどくゑれどkweredo
Causal conjunction蹴ゑればくゑればkwereba
Conditional conjunction蹴ゑばくゑばkweba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)蹴ゑきくゑきkweki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)蹴ゑけりくゑけりkwekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)蹴ゑつくゑつkwetu
Perfect tense (natural event)蹴ゑぬくゑぬkwenu
Perfect-continuative tense蹴ゑたりくゑたりkwetari
Volitional蹴ゑむくゑむkwemu
  • Late Middle Japanese since around 1300:
Classical conjugation of "蹴る" (カ行下一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)蹴けke
Continuative (連用形)蹴けke
Terminal (終止形)蹴るけるkeru
Attributive (連体形)蹴るけるkeru
Realis (已然形)蹴れけれkere
Imperative (命令形)蹴よけよkeyo
Key constructions
Negative蹴ずけずkezu
Contrasting conjunction蹴れどけれどkeredo
Causal conjunction蹴ればければkereba
Conditional conjunction蹴ばけばkeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)蹴きけきkeki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)蹴けりけけりkekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)蹴つけつketu
Perfect tense (natural event)蹴ぬけぬkenu
Perfect-continuative tense蹴たりけたりketari
Volitional蹴むけむkemu
  • Modern Japanese, classical conjugation:
Classical conjugation of "蹴る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)蹴らけらkera
Continuative (連用形)蹴りけりkeri
Terminal (終止形)蹴るけるkeru
Attributive (連体形)蹴るけるkeru
Realis (已然形)蹴れけれkere
Imperative (命令形)蹴れけれkere
Key constructions
Negative蹴らずけらずkerazu
Contrasting conjunction蹴れどけれどkeredo
Causal conjunction蹴ればければkereba
Conditional conjunction蹴らばけらばkeraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)蹴りきけりきkeriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)蹴りけりけりけりkerikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)蹴りつけりつkeritu
Perfect tense (natural event)蹴りぬけりぬkerinu
Perfect-continuative tense蹴れり
蹴りたり		けれり
けりたり		kereri
keritari
Volitional蹴らむけらむkeramu

Derived terms

  • 蹴(け)り (keri)
  • 蹴(け)り上(あ)げる (keriageru)
  • 蹴(け)り込(こ)む (kerikomu)
  • 蹴(け)り出(だ)す (keridasu)
  • 蹴(け)り板(いた) (keriita), 蹴(け)板(いた) (keita)
  • 蹴(け)り彫(ぼ)り (keribori)
  • 飛(と)び蹴(げ)り, 跳(と)び蹴(げ)り (tobigeri)
  • 足(あし)蹴(げ)り (ashigeri)
  • 石(いし)蹴(け)り (ishikeri)
  • 缶(かん)蹴(け)り (kankeri)
  • 二(に)枚(まい)蹴(げ)り (nimai-geri)
  • 回(まわ)し蹴(げ)り (mawashigeri)

References

  1. “蹴”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
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