越
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Translingual
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Han character
越 (Kangxi radical 156, 走+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土人戈女 (GOIV), four-corner 43805, composition ⿺走戉)
Derived characters
- 𠾲, 𢵼, 𣾼, 樾, 𭸩, 𦅲, 𧑅, 𫌐, 𨅿, 𨬓, 𪆧, 𪒥, 𬷲, 𪽸
References
- KangXi: page 1216, character 28
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 37110
- Dae Jaweon: page 1686, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3480, character 2
- Unihan data for U+8D8A
Chinese
| simp. and trad. | 越 | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd round simp. | 迌 | |
| alternative forms | 𫑛 | |
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (戉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 泧 | *qʰʷaːd, *kʰʷad, *ɢʷad |
| 眓 | *qʰʷaːd |
| 越 | *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad |
| 狘 | *kʰʷad |
| 戉 | *ɢʷad |
| 鉞 | *ɢʷad |
| 樾 | *ɢʷad |
| 怴 | *qʰʷrɯd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad) : semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross.
Etymology
戉 or 鉞: large battle-axe used as a symbol of authority in ancient China.
- “to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn”
- Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007).
- “modal particle”
- Related to 曰 (OC *ɢʷad), 于 (OC *ɢʷa) and 粵 (OC *ɢʷad) (Wang, 1982).
- “Yue; Viet; State of Yue”
- Related to 粵 (OC *ɢʷad, “Yue; Cantonese”).
- This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty.
- See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology.
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
越
- to pass over; to cross; to cross over
- to go over; to climb over; to jump over
- 翻山越嶺／翻山越岭 ― fānshānyuèlǐng ― to pass over mountains and ridges
- (of time) to pass; to go through
- (figurative) to go outside of; to exceed; to surpass; to overstep; to transgress
- 超越 ― chāoyuè ― to surpass
- 越界 ― yuèjiè ― to overstep a boundary
- to propagate; to spread; to publicise
- to disperse; to scatter; to fade away
- to fall; to relax; to become loosened
- (literary) to rob; to seize by force
- (Min Nan) to turn; to turn around
- 越頭／越头 [Hokkien] ― oa̍t-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to turn one's head
- more; -er
- 越……越…… ― yuè...... yuè...... ― the more ..., the more ...
- 越來越……／越来越…… ― yuèláiyuè...... ― to become increasingly ...
- Ancient meaningless sentence-initial modal particle.
- (～人, ～族) The Yue or Viet: collective name for numerous ancient non-Han tribes in southern China and northern Vietnam; Baiyue.
- (historical) (～國) The State of Yue: ancient state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history, in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu.
- General name for the region of southern China, especially the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces.
- Name for the Zhejiang province of China, especially the eastern parts of the province or areas in the vicinity of Shaoxing city.
- Short for 越南 (“Vietnam”).
- a surname
Synonyms
- (more):
edit
Synonyms of 越
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Compounds
Derived terms from 越
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Pronunciation 2
Definitions
越
- † (music) small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument
- † to bore a hole; to drill a hole
References
- “越”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #9071”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Kanji
越
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Readings
- Go-on: えち (echi)←ゑち (weti, historical); おち (ochi)←をち (woti, historical); がち (gachi)←ぐわち (gwati, historical)
- Kan-on: えつ (etsu, Jōyō)←ゑつ (wetu, historical); かつ (katsu)←くわつ (kwatu, historical)
- Kun: こえる (koeru, 越える, Jōyō)←こえる (koeru, historical); こす (kosu, 越す, Jōyō)←こす (kosu, historical)
Compounds
- 越境
- 越権
- 越度
- 越南
- 僭越
- 超越
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 越 |
| えつ Grade: S |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC ɦʉɐt̚, ɦuɑt̚).
Pronunciation
- On’yomi
- IPA(key): [e̞t͡sɨᵝ]
Affix
越 • (etsu) ←ゑつ (wetu)?
- pass over; cross over; go over
- pass; go through (of time)
- exceed; surpass; transgress (limit, extent)
Proper noun
越 • (Etsu) ←ゑつ (wetu)?
- (historical) the Yue people to the south of ancient China
- Abbreviation of 越南 (Etsunan, “Vietnam”).
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC ɦʉɐt̚).
Hanja
越 (eumhun 넘을 월 (neomeul wol))
- Hanja form? of 월 (“pass over”).
Compounds
Compounds
- 초월 (超越, chowol, “transcendency”)
- 탁월 (卓越, tagwol, “excellence, superiority”)
- 추월 (追越, chuwol, “passing; overtake”)
- 월등 (越等, woldeung, “extraordinarily”)
- 월남 (越南, Wollam, “Vietnam”)
- 우월 (優越, uwol, “superiority”)
- 수월 (秀越, suwol, “excellence”)
- 이월 (移越, iwol, “transfer”)
- 월경 (越境, wolgyeong, “crossing of the border”)
- 월척 (越尺, wolcheok, “big fish”)
- 월권 (越權, wolgwon, “ultra vires”)
- 월차 (越次, wolcha, “skipping a turn”)
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC ɦuɑt̚).
Hanja
越 (eumhun 부들자리 활 (budeuljari hwal))
- (literary Chinese) Hanja form? of 활 (“small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument”).
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
Vietnamese
| Hán tự in this term |
|---|
| 越 |
Han character
越: Hán Việt readings: việt[1][2][3]
越: Nôm readings: vượt[1][2][3][4], việt[1][2][5], vớt[1][2], vẹt[1][4], vát[4][5], vịt[1], vọt[1], vợt[1], nhông[3], vác[3], vót[3], vệt[3]
- chữ Hán form of Việt (“short for Việt Nam”).
- Nôm form of vượt (“to exceed; to cross over”).
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Hồ (1976).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).