質

See also: 貭 and 质

質	U+8CEA, 質 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CEA

← 賩
[U+8CE9]

CJK Unified Ideographs

賫 →
[U+8CEB]

Translingual

Han character

質 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+8, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹中月山金 (HLBUC), four-corner 7280₆, composition ⿱斦貝)

Derived characters

儨, 𠘖, 𡂒(𫪪), 𡒻, 㜱, 𡦫, 懫, 㩫, 𤁩, 䑇, 櫍(𬃊), 𤢽, 瓆, 𪮽, 礩, 𬘋, 𧓳, 𬽟, 䜠, 𧸲, 躓(踬), 𨏑, 𨐿, 鑕(锧), 𩍵, 𩧄, 𩽄, 劕, 𨟊(𫟬)

Related characters

质 (Simplified Chinese)

References

KangXi: page 1210, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36833
Dae Jaweon: page 1676, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3648, character 8
Unihan data for U+8CEA

Chinese

trad.		質
simp.		质
alternative forms		貭筫𫎘𧸲

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (質) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
質	tids, tjid
躓	*tids
懫	tids, tjid
礩	tjids, tjid
櫍	*tjid
劕	*tjid
鑕	*tjid

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 斦 + 貝. Zhu Junsheng also interpret this as a phono-semantic compound (形聲) , where he regards 斦 as an original form of 櫍 (OC *tjid).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhì, zhí
(Zhuyin): ㄓˋ, ㄓˊ
(Chengdu, SP): zi²
Cantonese (Jyutping): zat¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳt
Jin (Wiktionary): zeh⁴
Min Bei (KCR): cĭ
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chit
(Teochew, Peng'im): ziêh⁴ / zioh⁴
Wu (Wiktionary): tseq (T4)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhì
  - Zhuyin: ㄓˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhìh
  - Wade–Giles: chih⁴
  - Yale: jr̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyh
  - Palladius: чжи (čži)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhí
  - Zhuyin: ㄓˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhíh
  - Wade–Giles: chih²
  - Yale: jŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyr
  - Palladius: чжи (čži)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zi²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: z
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zat¹
  - Yale: jāt
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzat⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: zed¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐt̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳt
  - Hakka Romanization System: ziid`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨt̚²/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zeh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səʔ²/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit
  - Tâi-lô: tsit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cid
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕit̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕit̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕit̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕit̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕit̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ziêh⁴ / zioh⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsieh / tsioh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sieʔ²/, /t͡sioʔ²/

Note:

ziêh4 - Chaozhou;
zioh4 - Shantou.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tseq (T4)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡səʔ⁵⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 質
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹³/
	Tianjin	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹³/
	Qingdao	/tʃz̩⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡sz̩²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡sz̩³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡sz̩²¹/
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʈ͡ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡səʔ²/
	Pingyao	/ʈ͡ʂʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡səʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡səʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡səʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡səʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sai²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕiʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕi⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sɨʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sət̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʃït̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sɐt̚⁵/
	Nanning	/t͡sɐt̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sɐt̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/t͡sit̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/t͡sɛiʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/t͡si²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/t͡sioʔ²/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/t͡sit̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕiɪt̚/

Rime
Character	質
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	眞 (48)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	之日切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiɪt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕit̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjet̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cit̚/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiĕt̚/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭĕt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ĕt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zat¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*t-lit/
(Zhengzhang): /*tjid/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	質
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhì
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyit ›
Old Chinese	/*t-lit/
English	substance, solid part
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	質
Reading #	2/2
No.	17401
Phonetic component	質
Rime group	質
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	質
Old Chinese	/*tjid/
Notes	金文本從折聲

Definitions

質

matter; material; substance
quality
Alternative form of 櫍／𬃊 (zhì).

Compounds

Derived terms from 質

中質原油／中质原油
互質／互质 (hùzhì)
介質／介质 (jièzhì)
介電質／介电质
優質／优质 (yōuzhì)
劣質／劣质 (lièzhì)
化學性質／化学性质 (huàxué xìngzhì)
區域變質／区域变质
原形質／原形质
原生質／原生质 (yuánshēngzhì)
原質／原质 (yuánzhì)
反物質／反物质 (fǎnwùzhì)
可孕物質／可孕物质
品質／品质 (pǐnzhì)
品質管制／品质管制
器質／器质 (qìzhì)
土質／土质 (tǔzhì)
土質液化／土质液化
地質／地质 (dìzhì)
地質學／地质学 (dìzhìxué)
地質活動／地质活动
大腦皮質／大脑皮质 (dànǎo pízhì)
大腦髓質／大脑髓质
天生麗質／天生丽质 (tiānshēnglìzhì)
姿質／姿质 (zīzhì)
媒質／媒质 (méizhì)
實質／实质 (shízhì)
實質利率／实质利率
實質所得／实质所得
實質違建／实质违建
對質／对质 (duìzhì)
引發物質／引发物质
形質／形质
彬彬文質／彬彬文质
待質／待质
性質／性质 (xìngzhì)
惡病質／恶病质 (èbìngzhì)
懷文抱質／怀文抱质
懷質抱真／怀质抱真
文化特質／文化特质
文質／文质
文質彬彬／文质彬彬 (wénzhìbīnbīn)
星際物質／星际物质
有機質／有机质 (yǒujīzhì)
木質／木质 (mùzhì)
木質莖／木质茎
木質部／木质部 (mùzhìbù)
本質／本质 (běnzhì)
材質／材质 (cáizhì)
樸質／朴质 (pǔzhì)
樸質無華／朴质无华
氣質／气质 (qìzhì)
水質／水质 (shuǐzhì)
流質／流质 (liúzhì)

海洋地質／海洋地质
溶質／溶质 (róngzhì)
濁質凡姿／浊质凡姿
灰質／灰质 (huīzhì)
牙質／牙质
牙釉質／牙釉质
物理性質／物理性质
物質／物质 (wùzhì)
物質三態／物质三态
物質建設／物质建设
物質文明／物质文明 (wùzhì wénmíng)
物質生活／物质生活 (wùzhì shēnghuó)
特質／特质 (tèzhì)
玉質金相／玉质金相
琺瑯質／珐琅质 (fàlángzhì)
瑋質／玮质
瓊林玉質／琼林玉质
生活品質／生活品质
異質／异质 (yìzhì)
當面對質／当面对质
白質／白质 (báizhì)
皮質／皮质 (pízhì)
皮質素／皮质素 (pízhìsù)
石灰質／石灰质
矽質岩／矽质岩
砂質／砂质
硬質合金／硬质合金
磷脂質／磷脂质
礦物質／矿物质 (kuàngwùzhì)
神經質／神经质 (shénjīngzhì)
純物質／纯物质
純質／纯质
素質／素质 (sùzhì)
細胞質／细胞质 (xìbāozhì)
絲質／丝质 (sīzhì)
纖纖弱質／纤纤弱质
羊質虎皮／羊质虎皮
美質／美质
考古質疑／考古质疑
腐植質／腐植质
腐殖質／腐殖质 (fǔzhízhì)
良質／良质
良質米／良质米
良質美手／良质美手
色質細胞／色质细胞
茶質／茶质
草質莖／草质茎 (cǎozhìjīng)
菌質／菌质
蕙心紈質／蕙心纨质
蕙心蘭質／蕙心兰质
蕙質／蕙质
蕙質蘭心／蕙质兰心
蘭蕙質／兰蕙质

虎皮羊質／虎皮羊质
蛋白質／蛋白质 (dànbáizhì)
角質層／角质层 (jiǎozhìcéng)
變質／变质 (biànzhì)
象牙質／象牙质 (xiàngyázhì)
資質／资质 (zīzhì)
質問／质问 (zhìwèn)
質因數／质因数 (zhìyīnshù)
質地／质地 (zhìdì)
質子／质子 (zhìzǐ)
質實／质实
質對／质对 (zhìduì)
質感／质感
質成／质成
質數／质数 (zhìshù)
質料／质料 (zhìliào)
質明／质明
質朴／质朴
質樸／质朴 (zhìpǔ)
質疑／质疑 (zhìyí)
質疑問難／质疑问难
質的／质的
質直／质直
質直渾厚／质直浑厚
質而不俚／质而不俚
質言／质言 (zhìyán)
質詢／质询 (zhìxún)
質證／质证
質變／质变 (zhìbiàn)
質讓／质让
質責／质责
質量／质量 (zhìliàng)
質量數／质量数 (zhìliàngshù)
質點／质点 (zhìdiǎn)
重質原油／重质原油
金相玉質／金相玉质
金質／金质 (jīnzhì)
鈣質／钙质 (gàizhì)
銀質沉著／银质沉著
鐵質／铁质 (tiězhì)
閨中妙質／闺中妙质
雜質／杂质 (zázhì)
電解質／电解质 (diànjiězhì)
面質／面质
音質／音质 (yīnzhì)
骨質／骨质 (gǔzhì)
體質／体质 (tǐzhì)
鬼質／鬼质
魚質龍文／鱼质龙文
麗質／丽质 (lìzhì)
麗質天生／丽质天生
黏質／黏质
齒質／齿质

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhì (zhi⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄓˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zi³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳt / chṳ
Min Nan (POJ): chì / chit

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhì
  - Zhuyin: ㄓˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhìh
  - Wade–Giles: chih⁴
  - Yale: jr̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyh
  - Palladius: чжи (čži)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zi³
  - Yale: ji
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzi³
  - Guangdong Romanization: ji³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siː³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳt / chṳ
  - Hakka Romanization System: ziid` / zii
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zid⁵ / zi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨt̚²/, /t͡sɨ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chì / chit
  - Tâi-lô: tsì / tsit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cix, cid
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕi²¹/, /t͡ɕit̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕi⁴¹/, /t͡ɕit̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕi²¹/, /t͡ɕit̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕi¹¹/, /t͡ɕit̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕi²¹/, /t͡ɕit̚³²/

Note:

chì - Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou;
chit - Taiwan, Xiamen, Quanzhou.

Middle Chinese: /ʈˠiɪ^H/

Rime
Character	質
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	脂 (17)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	陟利切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈˠiɪ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈᵚi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiɪ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈji^H/
Li Rong	/ȶji^H/
Wang Li	/ȶi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]<r>ip-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*tids/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	質
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhì
Middle Chinese	‹ trij^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[t]<r>ip-s/
English	hostage; gift
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	質
Reading #	1/2
No.	17397
Phonetic component	質
Rime group	至
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	致
Old Chinese	/*tids/

Definitions

質

to pawn
hostage
人質／人质 ― rénzhì ― hostage
Alternative form of 贄／贽 (zhì, “gifts to superiors”).
a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 質

交質／交质
典質／典质
委質／委质 (wěizhì)
斧質／斧质
椹質／椹质

設定質權／设定质权
質劑／质剂
質妻鬻子／质妻鬻子
質屋／质屋
質庫／质库

質押／质押 (zhìyā)
質權／质权 (zhìquán)
質當／质当 (zhìdàng)
鈇質／𫓧质

References

“質”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03970

Japanese

Kanji

質

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

content
characteristic
natural appearance
confirm
mortgage

Readings

Go-on: しち (shichi, Jōyō); ち (chi, Jōyō ^†)
Kan-on: しつ (shitsu, Jōyō); ち (chi, Jōyō ^†)
Kun: もと (moto, 質); たち (tachi, 質); ただす (tadasu, 質す); しろ (shiro)
Nanori: かた (kata); さだ (sada); さだむ (sadamu); すなお (sunao); ただ (tada); ただし (tadashi); ただす (tadasu); み (mi); もと (moto)

Alternative forms

貭 (variant)

Compounds

質(しつ)疑(ぎ) (shitsugi)
質実(しつじつ) (shitsujitsu)
質性(しつせい) (shitsusei)
質(しっ)素(そ) (shisso)
質朴(しんぼく) (shinboku)
質問(しつもん) (shitsumon)
質(しつ)量(りょう) (shitsuryō)
原形質(げんけいしつ) (genkeishitsu): protoplasm

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
質
しつ Grade: 5
kan’on

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on

(Tokyo) しつ [shìtsú] (Heiban – [0])[1][2][3]
IPA^(key): [ɕit͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

質(しつ) • (shitsu)

quality

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
質
しち Grade: 5
goon

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Goon

(Tokyo) しち [shìchíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2][3]
IPA^(key): [ɕit͡ɕi]

Noun

質(しち) • (shichi)

pawn

References

1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 質 (MC t͡ɕiɪt̚).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 지ᇙ〮 (Yale: cílq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 질 (cil)^訓 (Yale: cil) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [질]

Hanja

Wikisource質 (eumhun 바탕 질 (batang jil))

Hanja form^? of 질 (“matter”).
Hanja form^? of 질 (“nature; disposition”).
Hanja form^? of 질 (“quality”).

Compounds

수질 (水質, sujil)
질의 (質疑, jirui)
질책 (質責, jilchaek)
질감 (質感, jilgam)
질량 (質量, jillyang)
질권 (質權, jilgwon)
본질 (本質, bonjil)
성질 (性質, seongjil)
물질 (物質, muljil)
품질 (品質, pumjil)
언질 (言質, eonjil)
균질 (均質, gyunjil)
기질 (氣質, gijil)
재질 (材質, jaejil)
양질 (良質, yangjil)
저질 (低質, jeojil)
실질 (實質, siljil)
변질 (變質, byeonjil)
체질 (體質, chejil)
소질 (素質, sojil)
질문 (質問, jilmun, “question”)

Etymology 2

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading influenced by Middle Chinese 質 (MC t͡ɕiɪt̚). The original reading is 지 (ji) based on Middle Chinese 質 (MC ʈˠiɪ^H, “hostage”).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 딩〮 (Yale: tí) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [질]

Hanja

質 (eumhun 볼모 질 (bolmo jil))

Hanja form^? of 질 (“hostage”).

Compounds

인질 (人質, injil, “hostage”)

Etymology 3

Related to Middle Chinese 贄 (MC t͡ɕiɪ^H).

Hanja

質 (eumhun 폐백(幣帛) 지 (pyebaek ji))

Alternative form of 贄 (贄, “Hanja form^? of 지 (“gift”).”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

質: Hán Nôm readings: chất, chát, chắc, chặt, chắt, chớt

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[NHK-1] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[SMK5-2] 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-3] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN