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单词 負
释义

負

See also: 负
負 U+8CA0, 負
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA0
← 貟
[U+8C9F]		CJK Unified Ideographs財 →
[U+8CA1]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

負 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+2, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓月山金 (NBUC), four-corner 27806, composition ⿱⺈貝(GHTJV) or ⿱勹貝(K) or ⿱刀貝)

References

  • KangXi: page 1204, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36660
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1665, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3623, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+8CA0

Chinese

trad.負
simp.负
alternative forms伏

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (負) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
負*bɯʔ
萯*bɯʔ
蝜*bɯʔ
偩*bɯʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : ⺈ (“person”) + 貝 (“cowry”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“carry, shoulder”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): fù (fu4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): fu4
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): fu6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fu5
  • Gan (Wiktionary): fu5
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fu4
  • Jin (Wiktionary): fu3
  • Min Bei (KCR): hū
  • Min Dong (BUC): hô
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): hù / hū / hǔ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hu6
  • Wu (Wiktionary): vu (T3); veu (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): fu4
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: fù
      • Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: fù
      • Wade–Giles: fu4
      • Yale: fù
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fuh
      • Palladius: фу (fu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /fu⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: fu4
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: fu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /fu²¹³/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: fu6
      • Yale: fuh
      • Cantonese Pinyin: fu6
      • Guangdong Romanization: fu6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /fuː²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: fu5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /fu³²/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: fu5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /fu¹¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fu
      • Hakka Romanization System: fu
      • Hagfa Pinyim: fu4
      • Sinological IPA: /fu⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: fu4
      • Sinological IPA: /fu⁵³/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: fu3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /fu⁴⁵/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hū
      • Sinological IPA (key): /xu⁵⁵/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: hô
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hou²⁴²/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hù
      • Tâi-lô: hù
      • Phofsit Daibuun: hux
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hu⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hū
      • Tâi-lô: hū
      • Phofsit Daibuun: hu
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hu³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hu²²/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǔ
      • Tâi-lô: hǔ
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /hu²²/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: hu6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hŭ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hu³⁵/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: vu (T3); veu (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /v̥v̩ʷ²³/, /v̥ɜ²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: fu4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɸu⁴⁵/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
負
MandarinBeijing/fu⁵¹/
Harbin/fu²⁴/
Tianjin/fu⁵³/
Jinan/fu²¹/
Qingdao/fu⁴²/
Zhengzhou/fu³¹²/
Xi'an/fu⁴⁴/
Xining/fv̩⁵³/
Yinchuan/fu¹³/
Lanzhou/fu¹³/
Ürümqi/fu²¹³/
Wuhan/fu³⁵/
Chengdu/fu¹³/
Guiyang/fu²¹³/
Kunming/fu²¹²/
Nanjing/fu⁴⁴/
Hefei/fu⁵³/
JinTaiyuan/fu⁴⁵/
Pingyao/xu³⁵/
Hohhot/fu⁵⁵/
WuShanghai/vu²³/
/vɤ²³/
Suzhou/vu³¹/
Hangzhou/vu¹³/
Wenzhou/vu³⁵/
HuiShexian/fu²²/
Tunxi/fu⁴²/
XiangChangsha/fu⁵⁵/
Xiangtan/ɸu⁵⁵/
GanNanchang/fu²¹/
HakkaMeixian/fu⁵³/
Taoyuan/fu⁵⁵/
CantoneseGuangzhou/fu²²/
Nanning/fu²²/
Hong Kong/fu²²/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/hu²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/hou²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/xu⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/hu³⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/fu³³/
  • Middle Chinese: /bɨuX/
Rime
Character負
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)並 (3)
Final (韻)尤 (136)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie房久切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/bɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun		/biuX/
Shao
Rongfen		/biəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/buwX/
Li
Rong		/biuX/
Wang
Li		/bĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/bʱi̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		fòu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		fau6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]əʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*bɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character負
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		fù
Middle
Chinese		‹ bjuwX ›
Old
Chinese		/*[b]əʔ/
Englishcarry on the back

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character負
Reading #1/1
No.3558
Phonetic
component		負
Rime
group		之
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		婦
Old
Chinese		/*bɯʔ/

Definitions

負

  1. to carry (on the back); to bear (a burden or responsibility)
  2. to rely on; to load; to burden
  3. to betray; to abandon; to repudiate; to go against
  4. to lose; to be defeated
  5. (mathematics, electricity, etc.) negative

Compounds

Derived terms from 負

Japanese

Shinjitai負
Kyūjitai
[1][2]
負󠄂
負+&#xE0102;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
負󠄄
負+&#xE0104;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

負

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to lose
  2. to defeat
  3. to carry

Readings

  • Go-on: ぶ (bu)
  • Kan-on: ふう (fū)
  • Kan’yō-on: ふ (fu, Jōyō)
  • Kun: おう (ou, 負う, Jōyō)←おふ (ofu, historical); まかす (makasu, 負かす, Jōyō); まける (makeru, 負ける, Jōyō); おい (oi, 負)←おひ (ofi, historical); おぶう (obuu, 負う)←おぶふ (obufu, historical); おんぶ (onbu, 負んぶ); そむく (somuku, 負く); たのむ (tanomu, 負む); まかる (makaru, 負る); まけ (make, 負け); めげる (megeru, 負げる)
  • Nanori: え (e); おい (oi); ひ (hi); ます (masu)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
負
ふ
Grade: 3
kan’yōon

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) ふ​ [fúꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
  • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

負(ふ) • (fu) 

  1. (mathematics) negativity, being negative (less than zero)
    負(ふ)の数(すう)
    fu no sū
    a negative number
  2. (physics) negativity, being negative (of electrical charge of an electron)
    負(ふ)の電荷(でんか)
    fu no denka
    a negative charge
  3. negativity, being negative (bad, pessimistic)
    負(ふ)のオーラが漂(ただよ)っている人(ひと)
    fu no ōra ga tadayotte iru hito
    a person who has a negative aura about them
Synonyms
  • マイナス (mainasu)
Antonyms
  • 正(せい) (sei)
  • ポジティブ (pojitibu)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
負
おい
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 負 – see the following entry.
【笈おい】J
[noun] a box with legs that is carried on the back, used by itinerant monks and yamabushi to carry books, articles of worship, clothing, etc.
(This term, 負, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 2017 (paper), page 1060 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
  2. 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1153 (paper), page 589 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 負 (MC bɨuX).

Hanja

負 (eumhun 질 부 (jil bu))

  1. Hanja form? of 부 (“load, burden”).
  2. Hanja form? of 부 (“carry, bear”).

Vietnamese

Han character

負: Hán Nôm readings: phụ[1]

  1. to betray

References

  1. Trần (1999).
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