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单词 貝
释义

貝

See also: 贝, 目, 見, 具, 頁, and 員
貝 U+8C9D, 貝
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C9D
← 貜
[U+8C9C]		CJK Unified Ideographs貞 →
[U+8C9E]
⾙ U+2F99, ⾙
KANGXI RADICAL SHELL
← ⾘
[U+2F98]		Kangxi Radicals⾚ →
[U+2F9A]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

貝 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月山金 (BUC), four-corner 60800, composition ⿱目八)

  1. Kangxi radical #154, ⾙.

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/貝
  • 𰂇, 唄, 垻, 㛝, 孭, 𫸳, 𭜼, 𢭲, 浿, 狽, 䢙, 𣇜, 梖, 𪸭, 㸽, 珼, 𬒹, 𥆘, 𦁀, 蛽, 𧧾, 𧳒, 𧼀, 䟺, 鋇, 𩗗, 鼰
  • 則, 郥, 戝, 敗, 㲘, 𨿎, 鵙, 𪔡, 𠭁, 𬹠, 頁, 員, 𦮷, 𭶰, 𪽾, 𥦎, 筫, 𡪛, 𮦒, 䩀, 𦺲, 𫂢, 𥴶, 𥴹, 寶, 𧂟, 𫴩, 𠩠, 屓, 𬟫, 𢊾, 𪊾, 閴, 齎

References

  • KangXi: page 1204, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36656
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1665, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3622, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8C9D

Chinese

trad.貝
simp.贝

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 貝
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (貝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
貝*paːds
狽*paːds
鋇*paːds
浿*pʰaːds, *pʰreːds
垻*praːs
敗*praːds, *braːds
唄*braːds

Pictogram (象形) – cowry.

Etymology

Cowries were used as money in ancient China (shell money). Guo (1945) proposes that cowries used by the ancient Chinese dynasties in Central China must have come from the southeastern shores of China and areas further south, as the species of sea snail used as decoration and currency—Monetaria moneta (money cowry)—is not native to the eastern seashores of China. He further proposes that in addition to the cowry itself, the word for cowry, 貝, is also an ancient loanword from languages of the south (which call it “bia”).

Compare Malay bia (“cowry”), Thai เบี้ย (bîia, “cowry shell; money”), Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓa(a)j (“bean, small weight or coin”) > Khasi sbâi, 'bâi (“money, cowry, shell”), Khmer ពៃ (pɨy, “obsolete small coin”).

Alternatively, Starostin, Matisoff (2003) and Schuessler (2007) relate 貝 to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bwap (“snail”), via 貝 (OC *paːds) < *pāps. If so it would be cognate with Jingpho pawp, lapawp (“snail”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bèi (bei4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˋ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): bui3
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bi4
  • Min Dong (BUC): buói
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): pòe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): buê6
  • Wu (Wiktionary): pe (T2)
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: bèi
      • Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: bèi
      • Wade–Giles: pei4
      • Yale: bèi
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bey
      • Palladius: бэй (bɛj)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /peɪ̯⁵¹/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: bui3
      • Yale: bui
      • Cantonese Pinyin: bui3
      • Guangdong Romanization: bui3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /puːi̯³³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pi
      • Hakka Romanization System: bi
      • Hagfa Pinyim: bi4
      • Sinological IPA: /pi⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: bi4
      • Sinological IPA: /pi⁵³/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: buói
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pui²¹³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pòe
      • Tâi-lô: puè
      • Phofsit Daibuun: poex
      • IPA (Xiamen): /pue²¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /pue⁴¹/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pue²¹/
      • IPA (Taipei): /pue¹¹/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pue²¹/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: buê6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puĕ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pue³⁵/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: pe (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pe̞³⁴/
  • Middle Chinese: /pɑiH/
Rime
Character貝
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)幫 (1)
Final (韻)泰 (25)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie愽蓋切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/pɑiH/
Pan
Wuyun		/pɑiH/
Shao
Rongfen		/pɑiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/pajH/
Li
Rong		/pɑiH/
Wang
Li		/pɑiH/
Bernard
Karlgren		/pɑiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		bèi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		bui3
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤa[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*paːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character貝
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		bèi
Middle
Chinese		‹ pajH ›
Old
Chinese		/*pˁa[t]-s/
Englishcowry shell

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character貝
Reading #1/1
No.415
Phonetic
component		貝
Rime
group		祭
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		貝
Old
Chinese		/*paːds/

Definitions

貝

  1. shellfish; cowrie
  2. † money; currency
  3. a surname
    貝聿銘／贝聿铭  ―  Bèi Yùmíng  ―  Ieoh Ming Pei (Chinese-American architect)

Compounds

Derived terms from 貝

Japanese

Kanji

貝

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: はい (hai)
  • Kan-on: はい (hai)
  • Kan’yō-on: ばい (bai)
  • Kun: かい (kai, 貝, Jōyō)←かひ (kafi, historical)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
貝
かい
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
貝(かい) (kai): display of various shellfish specimens

/*kapi1/ → /kaɸi/ → /kawi/ → /kai/

From Old Japanese.[1] Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[2]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) か​い [káꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[3][4][5]
  • IPA(key): [ka̠i]

Noun

貝(かい) • (kai) ←かひ (kafi)?

  1. [from 759] an aquatic shellfish (generally limited to mollusks with calcareous shells such as clams or snails, and excluding crustaceans such as shrimp or crabs)
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 貝(かい)殻(がら) (kaigara, “shell, seashell”)
  • 一(いち)枚(まい)貝(がい) (ichimaigai, “univalve”)
  • 貝(かい)合(あ)わせ (kaiawase, “tribadism”)
  • 二(に)枚(まい)貝(がい) (nimaigai, “bivalve”)
  • 帆(ほ)立(たて)貝(がい) (hotategai, “scallop”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
貝
ばい
Grade: 1
kan’yōon
Alternative spellings
蛽
海蠃 (rare)
海螄 (rare)
バイ (bai): Babylonia japonica or Japanese ivory shell for sale at a fishmarket in Japan.

Probably ultimately from Middle Chinese 貝 (MC pɑiH). Compare modern Min Nan pronunciation buê6, Cantonese bui3, Mandarin bèi.

First attested in 1284.[6]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) ば​い [báꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[3]
  • IPA(key): [ba̠i]

Noun

貝(ばい) • (bai) ←ばい (bai)?

  1. [from 1284] Babylonia japonica: the Japanese babylon or Japanese ivory shell
Usage notes
  • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 15, poem 3709), text here
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  5. 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  6. “貝・蛽・海蠃”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

貝 (eumhun 조개 패 (jogae pae))

  1. Hanja form? of 패 (“clam, shellfish”).

Vietnamese

Han character

貝: Hán Nôm readings: bối, buổi, bói, búi, với, mấy, mới, vuối, thói

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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