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单词 論
释义

論

See also: 论
論 U+8AD6, 論
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8AD6
← 諕
[U+8AD5]		CJK Unified Ideographs諗 →
[U+8AD7]
論 U+F941, 論
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F941
← 鹿
[U+F940]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs壟 →
[U+F942]

Translingual

Han character

論 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+8, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜口人一月 (YROMB), four-corner 08627, composition ⿰言侖)

Derived characters

  • 𡃝, 𫾗, 𬣎, 𫤍, 𫩎

Descendants

  • 论 (Simplified Chinese)

References

  • KangXi: page 1168, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35658
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1633, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3988, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+8AD6
  • Unihan data for U+F941

Chinese

trad.論
simp.论

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (侖) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蜦*ruːls, *run
綸*kruːn, *ɡ·run
論*ruːn, *ruːns, *run
崘*ruːn
掄*ruːn, *run
菕*ruːn
惀*ruːnʔ, *run
睔*ɡ·ruːnʔ, *kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ
碖*ruːnʔ, *ruːns
溣*ruːns
倫*run
淪*run
輪*run
侖*run
陯*run
鯩*run
棆*run
踚*run
耣*runʔ
錀*pqʰlun

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ruːn, *ruːns, *run) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 侖 (OC *run).

Etymology

Compare Mizo râwn (“to ask advice, to consult, to ask”) [high-tone], Mizo râwn (“to suggest, to advise, to recommend”) [low-tone].

Pronunciation 1

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): lùn (lun4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄣˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): nen4 / nun4
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): leon6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lun5
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lun
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lun4
  • Jin (Wiktionary): lung3 / lyng3
  • Min Bei (KCR): lō̤ng
  • Min Dong (BUC): lâung
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): lūn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lung6
  • Wu (Wiktionary): len (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): len4
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: lùn
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: lùn
      • Wade–Giles: lun4
      • Yale: lwùn
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luenn
      • Palladius: лунь (lunʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lwən⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: nen4 / nun4
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: len / lun
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nən²¹³/, /nuən²¹³/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: leon6
      • Yale: leuhn
      • Cantonese Pinyin: loen6
      • Guangdong Romanization: lên6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɵn²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lun5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lun³²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lun
      • Hakka Romanization System: lun
      • Hagfa Pinyim: lun4
      • Sinological IPA: /lun⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: lun4
      • Sinological IPA: /lun⁵³/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: lung3 / lyng3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /lũŋ⁴⁵/, /lỹŋ⁴⁵/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lō̤ng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɔŋ⁵⁵/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: lâung
      • Sinological IPA (key): /l̃ɑuŋ²⁴²/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lūn
      • Tâi-lô: lūn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lun
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lun⁴¹/
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lun³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lun²²/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: lung6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lŭng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /luŋ³⁵/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: len (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ləɲ²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: len4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lən⁴⁵/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
論
MandarinBeijing/luən⁵¹/
Harbin/luən⁵³/
Tianjin/luən⁵³/
Jinan/luẽ⁴²/
Qingdao/luə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou/luən²¹³/
Xi'an/lyẽ²⁴/
Xining/lyə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan/luŋ⁵³/ ～語
/luŋ¹³/ 言～
Lanzhou/lũn¹³/
Ürümqi/lun²¹³/
Wuhan/nən³⁵/
Chengdu/nən¹³/
/nuən¹³/
Guiyang/len²¹³/
Kunming/luə̃²¹²/
Nanjing/lun⁴⁴/
Hefei/lən⁵³/
JinTaiyuan/luəŋ¹¹/
/lyəŋ¹¹/
/luəŋ⁴⁵/
/lyəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao/luŋ³⁵/
Hohhot/lũŋ⁵⁵/
WuShanghai/ləŋ²³/
Suzhou/lən³¹/
Hangzhou/len²¹³/
Wenzhou/lø³¹/
HuiShexian/lʌ̃²²/
Tunxi/luːə¹¹/
XiangChangsha/lən¹³/
Xiangtan/nən¹²/
GanNanchang
HakkaMeixian/lun⁵³/
Taoyuan
CantoneseGuangzhou/løn²²/
Nanning/lɐn²²/
Hong Kong/løn²²/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/lun³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/lɔuŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/lɔŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/luŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/lun³³/
  • Middle Chinese: /luənH/, /luən/
Rime
Character論論
Reading #3/32/3
Initial (聲)來 (37)來 (37)
Final (韻)魂 (55)魂 (55)
Tone (調)Departing (H)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)ClosedClosed
Division (等)II
Fanqie盧困切盧昆切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/luənH//luən/
Pan
Wuyun		/luonH//luon/
Shao
Rongfen		/luənH//luən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/lwənH//lwən/
Li
Rong		/luənH//luən/
Wang
Li		/luənH//luən/
Bernard
Karlgren		/luənH//luən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		lùnlún
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		leon6leon4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤu[n]-s/, /*[r]ˤu[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ruːns/, /*ruːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character論論
Reading #3/32/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		lùnlún
Middle
Chinese		‹ lwonH ›‹ lwon ›
Old
Chinese		/*[r]ˁu[n]-s//*[r]ˁu[n]/
Englishdiscussion, discoursediscuss, examine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character論論
Reading #2/31/3
No.86568649
Phonetic
component		侖侖
Rime
group		文文
Rime
subdivision		22
Corresponding
MC rime		論論
Old
Chinese		/*ruːns//*ruːn/

Definitions

論

  1. to discuss; to reason; to debate; to argue
  2. to assess; to evaluate; to judge; to weigh
  3. to state; to talk about; to recount
  4. to treat; to regard; to handle
  5. to take into consideration; to consider
  6. according to; on the basis of
  7. discussion; dialogue; discourse
  8. essay; discourse
  9. theory; thesis; system

Compounds

Derived terms from 論

Pronunciation 2

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lún (lun2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄣˊ
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): leon4, leon6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lun3
  • Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lùn
  • Jin (Wiktionary): lung1 / lyng1
  • Min Dong (BUC): lùng
  • Min Nan (POJ): lûn / lūn
  • Wu (Wiktionary): len (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): len2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: lún
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: lún
      • Wade–Giles: lun2
      • Yale: lwún
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luen
      • Palladius: лунь (lunʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lwən³⁵/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: leon4, leon6
      • Yale: lèuhn, leuhn
      • Cantonese Pinyin: loen4, loen6
      • Guangdong Romanization: lên4, lên6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɵn²¹/, /lɵn²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lun3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lun²²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lùn
      • Hakka Romanization System: lunˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: lun2
      • Sinological IPA: /lun¹¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: lung1 / lyng1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /lũŋ¹¹/, /lỹŋ¹¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: lùng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /l̃uŋ⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lûn
      • Tâi-lô: lûn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: luun
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /lun²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lūn
      • Tâi-lô: lūn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lun
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lun³³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lun²²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: len (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ləɲ²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: len2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lən¹³/
  • Middle Chinese: /liuɪn/
Rime
Character論
Reading #1/3
Initial (聲)來 (37)
Final (韻)諄 (47)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Closed
Division (等)III
Fanqie力迍切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/liuɪn/
Pan
Wuyun		/lʷin/
Shao
Rongfen		/ljuen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/lwin/
Li
Rong		/liuĕn/
Wang
Li		/lĭuĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren		/li̯uĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		lún
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		leon4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]u[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*run/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character論
Reading #1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		lún
Middle
Chinese		‹ lwin ›
Old
Chinese		/*[r]u[n]/
English(in name of Lúnyǔ 論語)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character論
Reading #3/3
No.8667
Phonetic
component		侖
Rime
group		文
Rime
subdivision		2
Corresponding
MC rime		淪
Old
Chinese		/*run/

Definitions

論

  1. † to say directly or to the point
  2. Short for 論語／论语 (Lúnyǔ, “Lunyu; Analects”).
  3. a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 論

Japanese

See also 論じる, and 論ずる

Kanji

論

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. argument, discussion

Readings

From Middle Chinese 論 (MC luənH); compare Mandarin 論 (lùn):

  • Go-on: ろん (ron, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: ろん (ron, Jōyō)

From Middle Chinese 論 (MC liuɪn); compare Mandarin 論 (lún):

  • Go-on: ろん (ron, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: ろん (ron, Jōyō)

From native Japanese roots:

  • Kun: あげつらい (agetsurai, 論い)←あげつらひ (ageturafi, historical); あげつらう (agetsurau, 論う)←あげつらふ (ageturafu, historical)
  • Nanori: とき (toki); のり (nori)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 汎(はん)心(しん)論(ろん) (hanshinron): panpsychism
  • 論(ろん)文(ぶん) (ronbun): thesis, (academic) paper
  • 博(はか)士(せ)論(ろん)文(ぶん) (hakase ronbun): Ph.D. thesis
  • 論(ろん)争(そう) (ronsō): argument, dispute, controversy
  • 勿(もち)論(ろん) (mochiron): of course

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi
    • (Tokyo) ろ​ん [róꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [ɾõ̞ɴ]

Noun

論(ろん) • (ron) 

  1. theory
    論(ろん)より証(しょう)拠(こ)
    ron yori shōko
    the proof of the pudding is in the eating

References

  1. 2011, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Seventh Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

論 (eumhun 논할 론 (nonhal ron), South Korea 논할 논 (nonhal non))

  1. Hanja form? of 론/논 (“argument, discussion”).

Compounds

  • 토론 (討論, toron, “debate”)
  • 논문 (論文, nonmun, “thesis”)
  • 결론 (結論, gyeollon, “conclusion”)
  • 물론 (勿論, mullon, “of course”)
  • 갑론을박 (甲論乙駁, gamnoneulbak)

Vietnamese

Han character

論: Hán Việt readings: luận[1][2][3]
論: Nôm readings: lọn[1][2][3][4][5], lộn[1][2][3][4][5], lụn[1][2][3][4][5], luồn[1][2][3][5], trọn[1][2][3][5], luận[1][2][5], trộn[1][3][5], chọn[1][3], tròn[2][5], lòn[4][5], dọn[1], rộn[1], soạn[1], giọn[3], lốn[3], gọn[4], lấn[4], lẩn[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of luận (“essay”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 公論 (công luận)
  • 理論 (lí luận/ lý luận)

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
  5. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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