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单词 語
释义

語

See also: 语
語 U+8A9E, 語
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A9E
← 誝
[U+8A9D]		CJK Unified Ideographs誟 →
[U+8A9F]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

語 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 卜口一一口 (YRMMR), four-corner 01661, composition ⿰言吾)

Derived characters

  • 𡂂, 𢣸, 𤻭, 𠑕, 𫤋, 𡈰
  • 语 (Simplified Chinese)

References

  • KangXi: page 1163, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35533
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1628, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3974, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+8A9E

Chinese

trad.語
simp.语

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 語
Spring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (五) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吾*ŋraː, *ŋaː
衙*ŋraː, *ŋa, *ŋaʔ
鼯*ŋaː
浯*ŋaː
珸*ŋaː
郚*ŋaː
齬*ŋaː, *ŋa, *ŋaʔ
鯃*ŋaː
娪*ŋaː
梧*ŋaː
峿*ŋaː
五*ŋaːʔ
伍*ŋaːʔ
寤*ŋaːs
啎*ŋaːs
晤*ŋaːs
悟*ŋaːs
逜*ŋaːs
窹*ŋaːs
捂*ŋaːs
鋙*ŋa, *ŋaʔ
語*ŋaʔ, *ŋas
圄*ŋaʔ
敔*ŋaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas) : semantic 言 + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː).

Etymology

Compare Tibetan ངག (ngag, “speech”), Burmese ညာ (nya, “to lie, to tell an untruth”), and Burmese ကြော်ငြာ (krau-ngra, “to shout, to advertise”).

According to Schuessler (2007), 言 (OC *ŋan, “to speak; speech; talk”) is 語 (OC *ŋaʔ) with a nominal n-suffix.

Pronunciation 1

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): yǔ (yu3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˇ
    (Chengdu, SP): yu3
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йү (yü, II)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): jyu5
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngui4
  • Gan (Wiktionary): nyy3
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngî
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngi1
  • Jin (Wiktionary): y2
  • Min Bei (KCR): ngṳ̌
  • Min Dong (BUC): ngṳ̄
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): gú / gír / gí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghe2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): nyy (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): y3
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: yǔ
      • Zhuyin: ㄩˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: yǔ
      • Wade–Giles: yü3
      • Yale: yǔ
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeu
      • Palladius: юй (juj)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y²¹⁴/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: yu3
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: y
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y⁵³/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йү (yü, II)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y⁵¹/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: jyu5
      • Yale: yúh
      • Cantonese Pinyin: jy5
      • Guangdong Romanization: yu5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /jyː¹³/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: ngui4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡui²¹/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: nyy3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲy²¹³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngî
      • Hakka Romanization System: ngi´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ngi1
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲi²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ngi1
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲi⁴⁴/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: y2
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /y⁵³/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳ̌
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋy²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngṳ̄
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋy³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gú
      • Tâi-lô: gú
      • Phofsit Daibuun: guo
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ɡu⁵³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Tong'an, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gír
      • Tâi-lô: gír
      • IPA (Tong'an): /ɡɯ³¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Kinmen): /ɡɯ⁵³/
      • IPA (Lukang): /ɡɨ⁵⁵/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Hsinchu, Taichung, Philippines)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gí
      • Tâi-lô: gí
      • Phofsit Daibuun: gie
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡi⁴¹/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Yilan, Tainan): /ɡi⁵³/
      • IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /ɡi⁵⁵⁴/
Note:
  • General Taiwanese:
    • gí/gú - vernacular;
    • gú - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ghe2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: gṳ́
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɡɯ⁵²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: nyy (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲy²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: y3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y⁴¹/
  • Middle Chinese: /ŋɨʌX/
Rime
Character語
Reading #1/2
Initial (聲)疑 (31)
Final (韻)魚 (22)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie魚巨切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ŋɨʌX/
Pan
Wuyun		/ŋiɔX/
Shao
Rongfen		/ŋiɔX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ŋɨə̆X/
Li
Rong		/ŋiɔX/
Wang
Li		/ŋĭoX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ŋi̯woX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		yǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		jyu5
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋ(r)aʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋaʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character語
Reading #1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		yǔ
Middle
Chinese		‹ ngjoX ›
Old
Chinese		/*ŋ(r)aʔ/
Englishspeak

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character語
Reading #1/2
No.13159
Phonetic
component		五
Rime
group		魚
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		語
Old
Chinese		/*ŋaʔ/

Definitions

語

  1. to speak; to say
    • 子不語怪，力，亂，神。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      子不语怪，力，乱，神。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
      Zǐ bù yǔ guài, lì, luàn, shén. [Pinyin]
      The Master spoke not of oddities, feats of strength, disorders, and spirits.
  2. (of an animal) to chirp; to hoot
  3. speech; language
  4. (linguistics) spoken language (contrary to written language 文)
  5. expression; words
  6. saying; proverb; set phrase
  7. movement or signal which transmits information
  8. chirping; tweet

Compounds

Derived terms from 語

Pronunciation 2

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yù (yu4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˋ
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): jyu6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngui4
  • Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): ngi1
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): gū / gīr / gī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghe2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: yù
      • Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: yù
      • Wade–Giles: yü4
      • Yale: yù
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuh
      • Palladius: юй (juj)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y⁵¹/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: jyu6
      • Yale: yuh
      • Cantonese Pinyin: jy6
      • Guangdong Romanization: yu6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /jyː²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: ngui4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡui²¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ngi1
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲi⁴⁴/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gū
      • Tâi-lô: gū
      • Phofsit Daibuun: gu
      • IPA (Xiamen): /ɡu²²/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gīr
      • Tâi-lô: gīr
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡɯ⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gī
      • Tâi-lô: gī
      • Phofsit Daibuun: gi
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡi²²/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ghe2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: gṳ́
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɡɯ⁵²/
  • Middle Chinese: /ŋɨʌH/
Rime
Character語
Reading #2/2
Initial (聲)疑 (31)
Final (韻)魚 (22)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie牛倨切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ŋɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun		/ŋiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen		/ŋiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ŋɨə̆H/
Li
Rong		/ŋiɔH/
Wang
Li		/ŋĭoH/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ŋi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		yù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		jyu6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋ(r)aʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋas/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character語
Reading #2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		yù
Middle
Chinese		‹ ngjoH ›
Old
Chinese		/*ŋ(r)aʔ-s/
Englishtell

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character語
Reading #2/2
No.13165
Phonetic
component		五
Rime
group		魚
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		御
Old
Chinese		/*ŋas/

Definitions

語

  1. † to tell; to inform
    • 子好遊乎？吾語子遊。人知之亦囂囂、人不知亦囂囂。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      子好游乎？吾语子游。人知之亦嚣嚣、人不知亦嚣嚣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Zǐ hào yóu hū? Wú yù zǐ yóu. Rén zhī zhī yì xiāoxiāo, rén bùzhī yì xiāoxiāo. [Pinyin]
      Are you, Sir, fond of travelling to the different courts? I will tell you about such travelling. If a prince acknowledge you and follow your counsels, be perfectly satisfied. If no one do so, be the same.

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (語):
  • → Japanese: 語(ご) (go)
  • → Korean: 어(語) (eo)
  • → Vietnamese: ngữ (語)

References

  • “語”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

語

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: ぎょ (gyo)
  • Kun: かたらう (katarau, 語らう, Jōyō)←かたらふ (katarafu, historical); かたる (kataru, 語る, Jōyō); ことば (kotoba, 語); つげる (tsugeru, 語げる)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 下語(あぎょ) (agyo)
  • 言(げん)語(ご) (gengo)
  • 物(もの)語(がたり) (monogatari)
  • 私語(しご) (shigo)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
語
ご
Grade: 2
goon

From Middle Chinese 語 (MC ŋɨʌX).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) ご​ [góꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [ɡo̞]

Noun

語(ご) • (go) 

  1. (linguistics) a word, term
    Synonyms: 言葉 (kotoba), 単語 (tango)
  2. a proverb
    Synonyms: 諺 (kotowaza), 成句 (seiku)

Derived terms

Derived terms
  • 一(いち)語(ご) (ichigo)
  • 外(がい)国(こく)語(ご) (gaikokugo)
  • 外(がい)来(らい)語(ご) (gairaigo)
  • 活(かつ)用(よう)語(ご) (katsuyōgo)
  • 鞄(かばん)語(ご) (kabango)
  • 季(き)語(ご) (kigo)
  • 共(きょう)通(つう)語(ご) (kyōtsūgo)
  • 空(くう)語(ご) (kūgo)
  • 国(こく)語(ご) (kokugo)
  • 死(し)語(ご) (shigo)
  • 笑(しょう)語(ご) (shōgo)
  • 自(じ)立(りつ)語(ご) (jiritsugo)
  • 造(ぞう)語(ご) (zōgo)
  • 俗(ぞく)語(ご) (zokugo)
  • 付(ふ)属(ぞく)語(ご) (fuzokugo)
  • 幼(よう)児(じ)語(ご) (yōjigo)
  • 流(りゅう)行(こう)語(ご) (ryūkōgo)
  • 類(るい)語(ご) (ruigo)

Suffix

語(ご) • (-go) 

  1. language of, -ese, -ish
    日(に)本(ほん)語(ご) ― nihongo ― Japanese
    英(えい)語(ご) ― eigo ― English
    スペイン語(ご) ― supeingo ― Spanish

Derived terms

Derived terms
  • 英(えい)語(ご) (eigo)
  • 韓(かん)国(ごく)語(ご) (kangokugo)
  • スペイン語(ご) (supeingo)
  • タイ語(ご) (taigo)
  • 中(ちゅう)国(ごく)語(ご) (chūgokugo)
  • ドイツ語(ご) (doitsugo)
  • 日(に)本(ほん)語(ご) (nihongo)
  • フランス語(ご) (Furansu-go)

Affix

語(ご) • (go) 

  1. talk, speak
  2. word, language, term
  3. Short for 物語 (monogatari): story, tale, narrative

Derived terms

Derived terms
  • 語(ご)意(い) (goi)
  • 語(ご)彙(い) (goi)
  • 語(ご)格(かく) (gokaku, “grammar”)
  • 語(ご)学(がく) (gogaku)
  • 語(ご)感(かん) (gokan)
  • 語(ご)幹(かん) (gokan)
  • 語(ご)気(き) (goki)
  • 語(ご)義(ぎ) (gogi)
  • 語(ご)句(く) (goku)
  • 語(ご)群(ぐん) (gogun, “language group”)
  • 語(ご)形(けい) (gokei)
  • 語(ご)源(げん) (gogen)
  • 語(ご)根(こん) (gokon)
  • 語(ご)釈(しゃく) (goshaku, “explanation or explication of a word, term, phrase, or clause”)
  • 語(ご)順(じゅん) (gojun)
  • 語(ご)数(すう) (gosū, “number of words”)
  • 語(ご)勢(せい) (gosei, “stress, tone, or emphasis; a manner of speaking”)
  • 語(ご)族(ぞく) (gozoku)
  • 語(ご)調(ちょう) (gochō)
  • 語(ご)頭(とう) (gotō, “head or beginning of a word”)
  • 語(ご)尾(び) (gobi)
  • 語(ご)弊(へい) (gohei, “a misleading expression; a misunderstanding”)
  • 語(ご)法(ほう) (gohō)
  • 語(ご)脈(みゃく) (gomyaku, “the interrelationship of words”)
  • 語(ご)類(るい) (gorui, “part of speech”)
  • 語(ご)呂(ろ) (goro)
  • 語(ご)録(ろく) (goroku)
  • 隠(いん)語(ご) (ingo)
  • 漢(かん)語(ご) (kango)
  • 敬(けい)語(ご) (keigo)
  • 結(けつ)語(ご) (ketsugo)
  • 源(げん)語(ご) (Gengo)
  • 言(げん)語(ご) (gengo)
  • 古(こ)語(ご) (kogo)
  • 口(こう)語(ご) (kōgo)
  • 豪(ごう)語(ご) (gōgo)
  • 言(ごん)語(ご) (gongo)
  • 私(し)語(ご) (shigo)
  • 耳(じ)語(ご) (jigo)
  • 熟(じゅく)語(ご) (jukugo)
  • 新(しん)語(ご) (shingo)
  • 勢(せい)語(ご) (Seigo)
  • 成(せい)語(ご) (seigo)
  • 祖(そ)語(ご) (sogo)
  • 壮(そう)語(ご) (sōgo)
  • 単(たん)語(ご) (tango)
  • 珍(ちん)語(ご) (chingo)
  • 独(どく)語(ご) (dokugo)
  • 難(なん)語(ご) (nango)
  • 標(ひょう)語(ご) (hyōgo)
  • 平(へい)語(ご) (heigo)
  • 文(ぶん)語(ご) (bungo)
  • 母(ぼ)語(ご) (bogo)
  • 妄(ぼう)語(ご) (bōgo)
  • 妄(もう)語(ご) (mōgo)

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 語 (MC ŋɨʌX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448ᅌᅥᆼ〯 (Yale: ngě)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527말〯ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: mǎlsóm)어〯 (Yale: ě)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɘ(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [어(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource語 (eumhun 말씀 어 (malsseum eo))

  1. Hanja form? of 어 (“language of; -ese; -ish”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 구어 (口語, gueo)
  • 논어 (論語, noneo)
  • 단어 (單語, daneo)
  • 문어 (文語, muneo)
  • 어간 (語幹, eogan)
  • 어구 (語句, eogu)
  • 어근 (語根, eogeun)
  • 어록 (語錄, eorok)
  • 어미 (語尾, eomi)
  • 어법 (語法, eobeop)
  • 어색 (語塞, eosaek)
  • 어원 (語源, eowon)
  • 어절 (語節, eojeol)
  • 어학 (語學, eohak)
  • 언어 (言語, eoneo)
  • 용어 (用語, yong'eo)
  • 은어 (隱語, euneo)
  • 주어 (主語, jueo)
  • 보어 (補語, bo'eo)
  • 어휘 (語彙, eohwi)
  • 유언비어 (流言蜚語, yueonbieo)
  • 어불성설 (語不成說, eobulseongseol)
  • 언어도단 (言語道斷, eoneododan)
  • 감언미어 (甘言美語, gameonmieo)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

語: Hán Việt readings: ngữ[1][2][3]
語: Nôm readings: ngỡ[1][2][3][4], ngửa[1][2][3][4], ngữ[1][2][3], ngứa[1][3], ngợ[3][4], gỡ[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of ngữ (“language”).
  2. Nôm form of ngỡ (“to think that”).

Compounds

  • 國語 (quốc ngữ)
  • 語羅 (ngỡ là)

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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