表す
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 表 |
| あらわ Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
Derived as the verb form of adjective 露 (arawa, “naked, bare; open, revealed”), as a compound of 露 (arawa) + す (-su, causativizing suffix; root of modern する (suru, “to do; to make something do”)), with an original meaning of “to make something open and public, to make something apparent”.[1]
Alternative forms
- 表わす, 現わす, 現す, 顕わす, 顕す
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) あらわす [àráwáꜜs
ù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2] - IPA(key): [a̠ɾa̠ɰᵝa̠sɨ̥ᵝ]
- (Tokyo) あらわす [àráwáꜜs
Verb
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 表す |
| mediopassive | 表れる |
表す (transitive, godan conjugation, hiragana あらわす, rōmaji arawasu, historical hiragana あらはす)
- to show, to make apparent
- to express, to put into words
- to signify, to represent, to symbolize, to stand for
Usage notes
This verb can be spelled many different ways. The spellings with the kana わ might be preferred for avoiding ambiguous readings. In general, which kanji to use depends on which sense one wishes to emphasize:[3]
- 表 has connotations of front and surface, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to expressing something in words or symbols.
- 現 has connotations of real and realize, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to making something that was previously hidden now visible.
- 顕 has connotations of apparent and manifest, and is most often used to spell arawasu when referring to making something widely known or publicizing.
Conjugation
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 表さ | あらわさ | arawasa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 表し | あらわし | arawashi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 表す | あらわす | arawasu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 表す | あらわす | arawasu |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 表せ | あらわせ | arawase |
| Imperative (命令形) | 表せ | あらわせ | arawase |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 表される | あらわされる | arawasareru |
| Causative | 表させる 表さす | あらわさせる あらわさす | arawasaseru arawasasu |
| Potential | 表せる | あらわせる | arawaseru |
| Volitional | 表そう | あらわそう | arawasō |
| Negative | 表さない | あらわさない | arawasanai |
| Negative continuative | 表さず | あらわさず | arawasazu |
| Formal | 表します | あらわします | arawashimasu |
| Perfective | 表した | あらわした | arawashita |
| Conjunctive | 表して | あらわして | arawashite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 表せば | あらわせば | arawaseba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 表さ | あらはさ | arafasa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 表し | あらはし | arafasi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 表す | あらはす | arafasu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 表す | あらはす | arafasu |
| Realis (已然形) | 表せ | あらはせ | arafase |
| Imperative (命令形) | 表せ | あらはせ | arafase |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 表さず | あらはさず | arafasazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 表せど | あらはせど | arafasedo |
| Causal conjunction | 表せば | あらはせば | arafaseba |
| Conditional conjunction | 表さば | あらはさば | arafasaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 表しき | あらはしき | arafasiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 表しけり | あらはしけり | arafasikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 表しつ | あらはしつ | arafasitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 表しぬ | あらはしぬ | arafasinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 表せり 表したり | あらはせり あらはしたり | arafaseri arafasitari |
See also
- 著わす, 著す (arawasu): of the same original meaning of to make something public, but now limited to meaning to publish
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 表 |
| ひょう Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
Derived from Middle Chinese 表 (MC piᴇuX), as a compound of 表 (hyō) + す (-su, causativizing / transitivizing suffix; root of modern する (suru), “to do; to make something do”).[1]
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) ひょーす [hyóꜜòsù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
- IPA(key): [ço̞ːsɨᵝ]
Verb
表す (transitive, godan conjugation, hiragana ひょうす, rōmaji hyōsu, historical hiragana へうす)
- to express, to say in words, to put into words
Usage notes
This is an archaic form. The modern form is 表する (hyōsuru).
Conjugation
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 表さ | ひょうさ | hyōsa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 表し | ひょうし | hyōshi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 表す | ひょうす | hyōsu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 表す | ひょうす | hyōsu |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 表せ | ひょうせ | hyōse |
| Imperative (命令形) | 表せ | ひょうせ | hyōse |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 表される | ひょうされる | hyōsareru |
| Causative | 表させる 表さす | ひょうさせる ひょうさす | hyōsaseru hyōsasu |
| Potential | 表せる | ひょうせる | hyōseru |
| Volitional | 表そう | ひょうそう | hyōsō |
| Negative | 表さない | ひょうさない | hyōsanai |
| Negative continuative | 表さず | ひょうさず | hyōsazu |
| Formal | 表します | ひょうします | hyōshimasu |
| Perfective | 表した | ひょうした | hyōshita |
| Conjunctive | 表して | ひょうして | hyōshite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 表せば | ひょうせば | hyōseba |
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN