血氣方剛

血氣方剛

Chinese

		courage and uprightness	just	strong
trad. (血氣方剛)		血氣	方	剛
simp. (血气方刚)		血气	方	刚

Etymology

From the Analects:

及其壯也，血氣方剛，戒之在鬥。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

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及其壮也，血气方刚，戒之在斗。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Jí qí zhuàng yě, xuèqìfānggāng, jiè zhī zài dòu. [Pinyin]

When he is strong and the physical powers are full of vigor, he [the junzi] guards against quarrelsomeness.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xuèqìfānggāng, xuěqìfānggāng, xiěqìfānggāng

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ, ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ, ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hyut³ hei³ fong¹ gong¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xuèqìfānggāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syuècìfanggang
    • Wade–Giles: hsüeh⁴-chʻi⁴-fang¹-kang¹
    • Yale: sywè-chì-fāng-gāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiuehchihfanggang
    • Palladius: сюэцифанган (sjuecifangan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xuěqìfānggāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syuěcìfanggang
    • Wade–Giles: hsüeh³-chʻi⁴-fang¹-kang¹
    • Yale: sywě-chì-fāng-gāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheuechihfanggang
    • Palladius: сюэцифанган (sjuecifangan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕɥɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; colloquial in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiěqìfānggāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siěcìfanggang
    • Wade–Giles: hsieh³-chʻi⁴-fang¹-kang¹
    • Yale: syě-chì-fāng-gāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shieechihfanggang
    • Palladius: сецифанган (secifangan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: hyut³ hei³ fong¹ gong¹
    • Yale: hyut hei fōng gōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hyt⁸ hei³ fong¹ gong¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hüd³ héi³ fong¹ gong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyːt̚³ hei̯³³ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /hwet̚  kʰɨi^H  pʉɐŋ  kɑŋ/

Rime
Character	血	氣	方	剛
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	溪 (29)	幫 (1)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (88)	微 (20)	陽 (106)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open	Closed	Open
Division (等)	IV	III	III	I
Fanqie	呼決切	去旣切	府良切	古郎切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hwet̚/	/kʰɨiH/	/pʉɐŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷet̚/	/kʰɨiH/	/pʷiɐŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/xuɛt̚/	/kʰiəiH/	/piuɑŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwɛt̚/	/kʰɨjH/	/puaŋ/	/kaŋ/
Li Rong	/xuet̚/	/kʰiəiH/	/piuaŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Wang Li	/xiwet̚/	/kʰĭəiH/	/pĭwaŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/xiwet̚/	/kʰe̯iH/	/piwaŋ/	/kɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xue	qì	fāng	gāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hyut3	hei3	fong1	gong1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤik  C.qʰəp-s  paŋ  kˤaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰʷiːɡ  kʰɯds  paŋ  klaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	血	氣	方	剛
Reading #	1/1	1/2	3/3	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xuè	qì	fāng	gāng
Middle Chinese	‹ xwet ›	‹ khjɨjH ›	‹ pjang ›	‹ kang ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁik/	/*C.qʰəp-s/	/*paŋ/	/*kˁaŋ/
English	blood	cloudy vapors	just, then	strong; hard
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	血	氣	方	剛
Reading #	1/1	1/2	1/2	1/1
No.	14098	10140	3023	3713
Phonetic component	血	气	方	岡
Rime group	質	隊	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	2	1	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	血		方	岡
Old Chinese	/*qʰʷiːɡ/	/*kʰɯds/	/*paŋ/	/*klaːŋ/
Notes			甲金文象槳即榜初文， 下初爲單筆，猶旂左初亦作單杆

Idiom

血氣方剛

1. (usually of youth) hot-blooded; full of vigour; buoyant and impetuous