虹

虹	U+8679, 虹 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8679

← 虸
[U+8678]

CJK Unified Ideographs

虺 →
[U+867A]

Translingual

Han character

A rainbow.

虹 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 中戈一 (LIM), four-corner 5111₀, composition ⿰虫工)

Derived characters

渱, 𬁅, 𫕩, 𬀒

References

KangXi: page 1076, character 40
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32830
Dae Jaweon: page 1545, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2834, character 8
Unihan data for U+8679

Chinese

simp. and trad.		虹
alternative forms		𧈫𧈬𧌫𧍺𧊋𧈫𧈬𧌫𧍺𧊋蝎

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 虹
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
缸	kroːŋ, ɡroːŋ
篢	kluːmʔ, koːŋ
贑	*kluːmʔ
涳	ŋr'oːŋ, kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江	*kroːŋ
肛	kroːŋ, qʰroːŋ
扛	*kroːŋ
杠	*kroːŋ
豇	*kroːŋ
茳	*kroːŋ
釭	kroːŋ, koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼	*kroːŋ
玒	kroːŋ, koːŋ
虹	kroːŋs, koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔	*kʰroːŋ
崆	kʰroːŋ, kʰoːŋ
羫	*kʰroːŋ
控	kʰroːŋ, kʰoːŋs
椌	kʰroːŋ, kʰoːŋ
悾	kʰroːŋ, kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫	kʰroːŋ, kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌	*qʰroːŋ
谾	qʰroːŋ, qʰoːŋ
舡	*qʰroːŋ
缻	*ɡroːŋ
項	*ɡroːŋʔ
屸	*ɡ·roːŋ
功	*koːŋ
工	*koːŋ
疘	*koːŋ
魟	koːŋ, qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻	koːŋ, kuːŋ
愩	*koːŋ
碽	*koːŋ
貢	*koːŋs
羾	*koːŋs
空	kʰoːŋ, kʰoːŋs
箜	*kʰoːŋ
硿	*kʰoːŋ
埪	*kʰoːŋ
鵼	*kʰoːŋ
倥	kʰoːŋ, kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚	*kʰoːŋs
叿	*qʰoːŋ
嗊	*qʰoːŋʔ
訌	*ɡoːŋ
紅	*ɡoːŋ
仜	*ɡoːŋ
葒	*ɡoːŋ
渱	*ɡoːŋ
鴻	ɡoːŋ, ɡoːŋʔ
汞	*ɡoːŋʔ
澒	*ɡoːŋʔ
鞏	*koŋʔ
巩	*koŋʔ
銎	kʰoŋ, qʰoŋ
恐	kʰoŋʔ, kʰoŋs
蛩	*ɡoŋ
筇	*ɡoŋ
桏	*ɡoŋ
邛	*ɡoŋ

Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature.

In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology

Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): hóng, jiàng, gàng (hong², jiang⁴, gang⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ, ㄐㄧㄤˋ, ㄍㄤˋ
(Chengdu, SP): gang⁴ / hong²
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гон (gon, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): hung⁴
(Taishan, Wiktionary): huung³
Gan (Wiktionary): gong⁴ / fung⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fùng
(Meixian, Guangdong): fung²
Jin (Wiktionary): jion² / hung¹
Min Bei (KCR): gô̤ng / ǒng
Min Dong (BUC): kê̤ṳng / hùng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): khēng / khěng / hông
(Teochew, Peng'im): kêng⁶ / hong⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): hhon (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): gan⁴ / hong²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, literary, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hóng
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hóng
  - Wade–Giles: hung²
  - Yale: húng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horng
  - Palladius: хун (xun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, colloquial, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
  - Wade–Giles: chiang⁴
  - Yale: jyàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
  - Palladius: цзян (czjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Beijing dialect)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gàng
  - Wade–Giles: kang⁴
  - Yale: gàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ganq
  - Palladius: ган (gan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵¹/

Note: jiàng, gàng - only used as a standalone word.

- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gang⁴ / hong²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gang / xung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ²¹³/, /xoŋ²¹/

Note:

gang4 - vernacular;
hong2 - literary.

- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гон (gon, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): //
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hung⁴
  - Yale: hùhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hung⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: huung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵŋ²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: gong⁴ / fung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ³⁵/, /fuŋ³⁵/

Note:

gong4 - vernacular;
fung4 - literary.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fùng
  - Hakka Romanization System: fungˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fung²
  - Sinological IPA: /fuŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fung²
  - Sinological IPA: /fʊŋ¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: jion² / hung¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiɒ̃⁵³/, /xũŋ¹¹/

Note:

jion2 - vernacular;
hung1 - literary.

Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gô̤ng / ǒng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ³³/, /ɔŋ²¹/

Note:

gô̤ng - vernacular;
ǒng - literary.

Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kê̤ṳng / hùng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰøyŋ²⁴²/, /huŋ⁵³/

Note:

kê̤ṳng - vernacular;
hùng - literary.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khēng
  - Tâi-lô: khīng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qeng
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /kʰiɪŋ³³/
  - IPA (Singapore): /kʰeŋ²²/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /kʰiɪŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khěng
  - Tâi-lô: khǐng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɪŋ²²/
  - IPA (Jinjiang, Lukang): /kʰiɪŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông
  - Tâi-lô: hông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoong
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴/

Note:

khēng/khěng - vernacular;
hông - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kêng⁶ / hong⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khĕng / hông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰeŋ³⁵/, /hoŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

kêng6 - vernacular;
hong5 - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhon (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦʊŋ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: gan⁴ / hong²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kan⁴⁵/, /xʊŋ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kan⁴⁵/, /xən¹³/

Note:

gan4 - vernacular;
hong2 - literary.

Middle Chinese: /ɦuŋ/, /kˠʌŋ^H/

Rime
Character	虹	虹
Reading #	1/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	江 (9)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	戸公切	古巷切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuŋ/	/kˠʌŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuŋ/	/kᵚɔŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuŋ/	/kɔŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəwŋ/	/kaɨwŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣuŋ/	/kɔŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ɣuŋ/	/kɔŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuŋ/	/kɔŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hóng	jiàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung⁴	gong³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kˤoŋ/, /*kˤroŋ-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːŋ/, /*kroːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虹	虹
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hóng	jiàng
Middle Chinese	‹ huwng ›	‹ kæwng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*m-kˁoŋ/	/*kˁroŋ-s/
English	rainbow	rainbow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虹	虹
Reading #	3/3	1/3
No.	4056	4004
Phonetic component	工	工
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	洪	絳
Old Chinese	/*ɡoːŋ/	/*kroːŋs/

Definitions

虹

rainbow; primary rainbow (Classifier: 條／条 m; 道 m)
彩虹 ― cǎihóng ― rainbow
天上出虹了。 ― Tiānshàng chū jiàng le. ― There's a rainbow in the sky.
(literary, figurative) bridge

Synonyms

(rainbow):

Dialectal synonyms of 虹 (“rainbow”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		虹, 螮蝀, 雩, 隮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		彩虹, 虹
Mandarin	Beijing	虹
	Taiwan	彩虹
	Tianjin	虹
	Langfang	虹
	Tangshan	虹
	Cangzhou	虹
	Xianxian (Xiaoying)	彩虹, 虹
	Baoding	虹
	Shijiazhuang	虹
	Daming	虹
	Ulanhot	七彩虹
	Tongliao	彩虹
	Chifeng	虹
	Bayanhot	彩虹, 虹
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	彩虹
	Harbin	虹
	Wuchang (Yingchengzi)	虹
	Shenyang	虹
	Yantai (Muping)	虹
	Qingdao	虹
	Rizhao	虹
	Jinan	虹
	Luoyang	虹
	Wanrong	虹
	Zhengzhou	虹
	Kaifeng	虹
	Ankang	虹
	Ankang (Xianhe)	虹
	Baihe (Maoping)	虹
	Shiquan	虹
	Ziyang	虹
	Xi'an	虹
	Dingbian	彩虹
	Yinchuan	虹
	Yongning (Najiahu)	虹
	Wuzhong	虹
	Yanchi	虹
	Tongxin	虹
	Zhongwei	虹
	Guyuan	虹
	Longde	虹
	Jingyuan	虹
	Lanzhou	虹
	Xining	虹
	Ürümqi	虹
	Ürümqi (Xigou)	彩虹
	Ürümqi (Changshanzi)	虹
	Yanqi	虹
	Wuhan	虹
	Huanggang	虹
	Hong'an	虹
	Chengdu	虹, 天橋, 彩虹, 天龍
	Chengdu (Xindu)	虹
	Muli	虹
	Guiyang	虹
	Kunming	虹
	Guilin	虹, 彩虹
	Guilin (Lingui)	虹
	Pingle	龍虹, 彩虹
	Liuzhou	虹, 彩虹
	Liuzhou (Luorong)	虹
	Luzhai	彩虹
	Nanning (Wuming)	彩虹
	Yizhou	龍虹
Luocheng (Dongmen)	龍虹 dated, 彩虹
Tianlin (Langping)	虹
Tianlin (Pingtang)	虹
Xiangzhou (Nalu)	虹槓東
Xuzhou	虹
Yangzhou	虹
Nanjing	虹
Hefei	虹
Chuzhou	虹
Nantong	鱟, 虹
Qimen (Anling Junhua)	虹
Jiangshan (Nianbadu)	虹
Kaihua (Huabu)	虹
Yushan (Huaiyu)	虹
Singapore	彩虹
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	虹
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	虹
Kokang	虹吃水, 龍虹
Dagudi (Maliba)	彩虹
Reshuitang (Longling)	老虹
Mae Salong (Lancang)	老虹, 彩虹
Mae Sai (Tengchong)	老虹
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	虹
Cantonese	Guangzhou	虹, 天虹, 龍拱
	Hong Kong	彩虹, 天虹
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	天弓
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	虹
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	天弓
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	天虹
	Macau	虹
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	虹
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	龍
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	龍虹
	Foshan	鑊耳龍
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	龍
	Foshan (Shunde)	拱篷
	Foshan (Sanshui)	鑊耳龍
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	龍
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	虹拱
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	播虹
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	龍孔
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	龍孔
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	叫虹
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	鑊耳, 水拱
	Taishan	鑊耳, 水虹
	Taishan (Guanghai)	龍生水, 鑊耳虹, 彩虹
	Kaiping (Chikan)	鑊耳龍, 水拱
	Enping (Niujiang)	鑊耳龍
	Heshan (Yayao)	虹
	Dongguan	虹
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	虹
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	天弓
	Qingyuan	虹
	Fogang	虹, 龍
	Yingde (Hanguang)	天弓
	Yangshan	虹
	Lianshan (Butian)	汗龍
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	天虹
	Shaoguan	虹
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	虹
	Renhua	天虹
	Lechang	天虹
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	龍
	Sihui	龍
	Guangning	龍
	Deqing	龍
	Huaiji	虹
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	旱龍
	Yunfu	龍
	Xinxing	龍
	Yunan (Pingtai)	龍
	Yangjiang	破篷
	Xinyi	湴更
	Lianjiang	虹
	Nanning	虹, 雙虹
	Nanning (Tanka)	彩虹
	Wuzhou	彩虹
	Yulin	龐虹
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	天虹, 虹
	Hepu (Shatian)	拱
	Guiping	虹
	Guiping (Jintian)	虹
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	虹, 彩虹
	Guiping (Madong)	龐虹
	Pingnan (Danzhu)	龍
	Mengshan (Xihe)	龍
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	虹
Beiliu	湴界, 彩虹
Beiliu (Tangliao)	虹
Baise	虹, 雙虹
Bobai	虹
Lingshan	龐虹
Pubei	龐虹
Qinzhou	天虹, 虹, 彩虹
Qinzhou (Xiaodong)	龐虹
Qinzhou (Changtan)	龐虹
Qinzhou (Nasi)	龐虹
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	虹
Beihai	天虹, 天橋
Beihai (Nankang)	拱
Beihai (Yingpan)	拱
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	拱
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	篷拱
Ningming	虹
Hezhou (Pumen)	虹
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	天弓
Chongzuo (Laituan)	天虹
Fusui (Qujiu)	蛤筒食水
Lingchuan (Yangjia)	龍虹
Pingle (Majia)	彩虹
Pingle (Shuishan)	虹
Danzhou	天虹
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	彩虹, 彩龍
Sarikei (Xinhui)	龍拱
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	彩虹
Móng Cái	天弓
Yangon (Taishan)	虹
Mandalay (Taishan)	鑊耳虹
Bangkok (Guangfu)	虹
Gan	Nanchang	虹
	Pengze	虹
	Yanshan	虹
	Lichuan	天虹, 天吊, 虹
	Pingxiang	虹
	Guixi	虹
Hakka	Meixian	天弓
	Xingning	天弓
	Fengshun (Liuhuang)	彩虹
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	彩虹
	Huidong (Daling)	天弓
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	天弓
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	天弓
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	天弓
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	天弓食水
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	虹
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	天弓
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	天弓
	Wuhua (Changbu)	天弓
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	天弓
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	虹
	Zijin	天弓
	Nanxiong (Zhuji)	虹
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	天弓
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	龍
	Liannan	天虹
	Conghua (Lütian)	虹
	Jiexi	弓
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	虹
	Changting	虹
	Wuping	天弓
	Wuping (Yanqian)	天弓
	Wuping (Pingyu)	天弓
	Liancheng	虹
	Liancheng (Peitian)	天門神
	Ninghua	虹
	Yudu	虹
	Ningdu	虹
	Ruijin	虹
	Shicheng	虹
	Shangyou (Shexi)	虹
	Tonggu (Sandu)	天虹
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	虹
	Dayu	虹
	Taoyuan	天弓
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	天弓, 虹
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	天弓
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	天弓
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	天弓
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	天弓
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	虹
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	天弓
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	虹
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	虹
	Hong Kong	天弓
	Mengshan (Xihe)	虹
	Luchuan	天公虹
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	天公降水
	Bobai (Shahe)	天弓
	Bobai (Longtan)	天弓
	Bobai (Lingping)	天弓
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	天公食水
	Beiliu (Gonghe)	天弓
	Xingye (Gaofeng)	天弓
	Mashan (Pianlian)	天公食水
	Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui)	虹
	Lipu (Shuangduitun)	彩虹
	Lipu (Dashigu)	彩虹, 月龍
	Pingle (Tong'an)	彩龍
	Guidong	天虹
Chengdu (Longtan)	天弓
Chengdu (Shiling)	天弓
Chengdu (Longwang)	天弓
Chengdu (Shibantan)	天弓
Chengdu (Xindu Subdistrict)	天弓, 虹
Sabah (Longchuan)	天弓
Senai (Huiyang)	天弓, 彩虹
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	弓
Singkawang	天弓
Pontianak (Meixian)	天弓
Medan (Metal - Meixian)	彩虹
Singapore (Meixian)	天弓
Singapore (Dabu)	彩虹
Bangkok (Meixian)	彩虹, 天弓
Bangkok (Jiexi)	弓
Huizhou	Jixi	日頭紅虹, 虹
	Shexian	虹, 彩虹
	Shexian (Xianggao)	虹
	Shexian (Daguyun)	虹
	Tunxi	虹
	Yixian	虹
	Qimen	虹
	Qimen (Anling Minhua)	虹
	Wuyuan	虹
	Fuliang	虹
	Dexing	彩虹
	Shitai (Xianyu)	虹
Jin	Taiyuan	虹
	Pingyao	虹
	Datong	虹
	Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou)	虹
	Xinzhou	虹
	Changzhi	虹
	Taibus (Baochang)	虹
	Linhe	虹
	Jining	虹
	Hohhot	虹
	Baotou	虹
	Dongsheng	虹
	Haibowan	虹
	Zhangjiakou	虹
	Handan	虹
Jiuxing Yumin	Jiande	鱟
	Jinhua	鱟
	Lanxi	鱟
	Tunxi	虹
Min Bei	Jian'ou	虹
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	虹
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	虹
	Pucheng (Shibei)	虹, 攔溪仔 dated
Min Dong	Fuzhou	虹
	Fuqing	虹
	Gutian	虹
	Shouning	虹
	Matsu	虹
Min Nan	Xiamen	虹
	Quanzhou	虹
	Jinjiang	虹
	Yongchun	虹
	Zhangzhou	虹
	Hua'an	虹
	Dongshan	虹
	Taipei	虹
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	虹
	Kaohsiung	虹
	Yilan	虹
	Changhua (Lukang)	虹
	Taichung	虹
	Taichung (Wuqi)	虹
	Tainan	虹
	Taitung	虹
	Hsinchu	虹
	Kinmen	虹
	Penghu (Magong)	虹
	Penang (Hokkien)	虹
	Singapore (Hokkien)	虹
	Manila (Hokkien)	彩虹
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	天虹
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	虹
	Pingnan (Pingtian)	虹
	Pingnan (Sijie)	虹
	Guiping (Xiaowen)	虹, 彩虹
	Guiping (Dongsheng)	發紅雲
	Guilin (Biyange)	龍公
	Pingle (Zhoutang)	龍, 天橋
	Lechang (Tatou)	天虹
	Renhua (Changshabei)	天虹
	Yingde (Yuzui)	虹
	Yunan (Liantan)	龍, 虹
	Yuhuan (Kanmen)	虹
	Chaozhou	虹
	Shantou	虹
	Shantou (Chenghai)	虹
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	虹, 彩虹
	Jieyang	虹
	Haifeng	虹
	Bangkok (Teochew)	虹
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	彩虹
	Hat Yai (Teochew)	虹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	虹
	Pontianak (Teochew)	虹
	Leizhou	虹
	Wenchang	虹
	Haikou	虹
	Wanning	虹
Puxian Min	Putian	虹
	Putian (Donghai)	虹
	Putian (Jiangkou)	虹
	Putian (Nanri)	虹
	Xianyou	虹
	Xianyou (Fengting)	虹
	Xianyou (Youyang)	虹
	Fuding (Aoyao)	虹
Min Zhong	Yong'an	虹
Min Zhong	Sanyuan	虹
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	播虹
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	跨篷
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	虹
	Nanning (Shajing)	虹
	Nanning (Gejiayuan)	虹
	Nanning (Zhegulu)	虹, 拱橋
	Nanning (Silian)	虹, 天虹
	Nanning (Xiuxiang)	虹
	Nanning (Sucun)	虹, 幹筒
	Binyang	虹, 龍虹
	Binyang (Xinqiao)	虹
	Hengxian (Baihe)	龐虹
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	虹
	Guilin (Chaoyang)	虹
	Guilin (Dongbianzhou)	虹
	Guilin (Zhuyuan)	虹
	Guilin (Dabu)	雨界
	Guilin (Yangjia)	龍
	Guilin (Qianjing)	雨虹
	Guilin (Wutong, Lingui)	江東龍, 龍虹
	Guilin (Huangsha, Lingui)	龍虹
	Guilin (Liangjiang, Lingui)	天龍, 彩圈
	Guilin (Liutang, Lingui)	虹
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	虹
	Lingchuan (Gaoqiao)	虹
	Lingchuan (Gudong)	龍虹
	Lingchuan (Tanxia)	虹
	Lingchuan (Shuangzhou)	彩虹, 虹
	Lingchuan (Gongping)	龍虹
	Guanyang (Guanyinge)	龍虹
	Pingle (Zhangjia)	虹
	Yangshuo (Putao)	雨虹
	Liucheng (Yangmei)	虹
	Luocheng (Niubi)	長虹
Shehua	Ningde	蛟龍
	Fu'an	蛟龍
	Fuding	蛟龍
	Zhouning	蛟龍
	Xiapu	蛟龍
	Shouning	虹
	Gutian	蛟龍
	Luoyuan	蛟龍
	Sanming	蛟龍
	Shunchang	蛟龍
	Hua'an	蛟龍
	Guixi (Zhangping)	蛟龍
	Yanshan (Taiyuan)	蛟龍
	Cangnan	蛟龍
	Jingning	蛟龍
	Lishui	蛟龍
	Longyou	蛟龍
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	蛟龍
	Chaozhou	蛟龍
	Fengshun	蛟龍
Wu	Shanghai	虹, 彩虹, 鱟 dated
	Shanghai (Chongming)	鱟
	Suzhou	鱟, 彩虹, 虹
	Wuxi	彩虹, 虹, 鱟
	Danyang	虹
	Hangzhou	鱟, 彩虹
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	鱟
	Ningbo	鱟, 虹
	Linhai	鱟
	Yuhuan (Damaiyu)	鱟
	Yuhuan (Chumen)	鱟
	Wenzhou	鱟
	Songyang (Gushi)	鱟
	Longquan	鱟
	Jinhua	鱟, 彩虹
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	熯
Xiang	Changsha	虹
	Xiangtan	虹
	Xiangxiang	虹
	Xiangxiang (Meiqiao)	彩虹
	Loudi	虹
	Shuangfeng	虹
	Hengshan	虹, 雲虹
	Hengshan (Baiguo)	斗雨
	Jiangyong	蟲
	Quanzhou	彩虹
	Guanyang (Wenshi)	虹
	Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao)	虹

Compounds

Derived terms from 虹

丹虹
副虹
垂虹
垂虹亭
天虹 (tiānhóng)
宛虹
幡虹
彩虹 (cǎihóng)
文虹
日虹
星虹
晴虹
月虹 (yuèhóng)
玉泉垂虹
玉虹
白虹
直虹
虹丹
虹伸
虹光
虹吸作用
虹吸管
虹女
虹彩 (hóngcǎi)
虹彩膜
虹旃
虹旆
虹旌
虹旍
虹旗
虹星
虹映

虹沴
虹泉
虹洞
虹玉
虹申
虹腰
虹膜 (hóngmó)
虹舸
虹草
虹蜺
虹裳
虹陛
虹雨
虹霓 (hóngní)
蛇虹
跨虹
雄虹
雌虹
霓虹 (níhóng)
霞虹
青虹
鬐虹
梁虹
虹梁
虹采
垂虹橋／垂虹桥
攄虹／摅虹
斷虹／断虹
橋虹／桥虹
殘虹／残虹
氣勢如虹／气势如虹 (qìshìrúhóng)
氣吐虹霓／气吐虹霓

氣吞虹蜺／气吞虹蜺
氣貫長虹／气贯长虹
煙虹／烟虹
白虹貫日／白虹贯日
荊虹／荆虹
虹勢／虹势
虹吸現象／虹吸现象
虹帶／虹带
虹棧／虹栈
虹樓／虹楼
虹橋／虹桥 (hóngqiáo)
虹橋板／虹桥板
虹氣／虹气
虹燭錠／虹烛锭
虹絲／虹丝
虹蜺閣／虹蜺阁
虹蝀／虹𬟽
虹輝／虹辉
虹飲／虹饮
虹鱒／虹鳟 (hóngzūn)
蝦虹／虾虹
謀虹／谋虹
貫虹／贯虹
長虹／长虹 (chánghóng)
長虹貫日／长虹贯日
陰虹／阴虹
隱虹／隐虹
雰虹／氛虹
電虹／电虹
霓虹燈／霓虹灯 (níhóngdēng)
風虹／风虹
飲虹／饮虹

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hòng (hong⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hòng
  - Wade–Giles: hung⁴
  - Yale: hùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: honq
  - Palladius: хун (xun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xʊŋ⁵¹/

Definitions

虹

^† to fester
Only used in 虹洞.

Pronunciation 3

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gòng (gong⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gòng
  - Wade–Giles: kung⁴
  - Yale: gùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonq
  - Palladius: гун (gun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: /kuŋ^H/

Rime
Character	虹
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古送切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kuŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kuŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəwŋ^H/
Li Rong	/kuŋ^H/
Wang Li	/kuŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*koːŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虹
Reading #	2/3
No.	4032
Phonetic component	工
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	貢
Old Chinese	/*koːŋs/
Notes	原注今音絳

Definitions

虹

(historical) A county in modern Anhui, China

Japanese

Kanji

虹

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ぐ (gu); ぐう (gū); こう (kō)
Kan-on: こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}; こう (kō)
Kun: にじ (niji, 虹, Jōyō)

Compounds

朝虹(あさにじ) (asaniji)
海老虹梁(えびこうりょう) (ebikōryō), 蝦虹梁(えびこうりょう) (ebikōryō)
過剰虹(かじょうにじ) (kajōniji)
霧虹(きりにじ) (kiriniji): fogbow
月虹(げっこう) (gekkō): moonbow
虹橋(こうきょう) (kōkyō)
虹霓(こうげい) (kōgei), 虹蜺(こうげい) (kōgei): rainbow
虹彩(こうさい) (kōsai): iris (part of the eye)
虹彩炎(こうさいえん) (kōsaien): iritis
虹彩毛様体炎(こうさいもうようたいえん) (kōsaimōyōtaien)
虹梁(こうりょう) (kōryō)
虹梁鼻(こうりょうばな) (kōryōbana)
彩虹(さいこう) (saikō)
断虹(だんこう) (dankō)
虹色鍬形(にじいろくわがた) (nijīrokuwagata)
虹(にじ)の松原(まつばら) (niji no matsubara)
虹鱒(にじます) (nijimasu): rainbow trout
白虹(はっこう) (hakkō)
白虹事件(はっこうじけん) (hakkōjiken)
白虹日(はっこうひ)を貫(つらぬ)く (hakkō hi o tsuranuku)
二重虹(ふたえにじ) (futaeniji)
夕虹(ゆうにじ) (yūniji)
夕虹百日(ゆうにじひゃくにち)の旱(ひでり) (yūniji hyakunichi no hideri)

Etymology 1

虹 (niji, nuji, noji): a rainbow.

Kanji in this term
虹
にじ Grade: S
kun’yomi

⟨nizi⟩ → /niʑi/

From Old Japanese.[1] First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[2]

Also attested as man'yōgana form 爾之 in the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō) of c.931-938 and 爾自 in the 金光明最勝王経音義 (Konkōmyō Saishōō-kyō Ongi) of 1079. May be a shift from earlier nuji or noji readings (see below).

Alternative forms

霓

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) にじ [nìjí] (Heiban – [0])[3]
IPA^(key): [ɲ̟iʑi]

Noun

虹(にじ) • (niji)

a rainbow
春雨(はるさめ)がやんだ途端(とたん)に、美(うつく)しい虹(にじ)が現(あらわ)れた。
Harusame ga yanda totan ni, utsukushii niji ga arawareta.
Just as the spring shower passed, a beautiful rainbow appeared.

Synonyms

虹霓(こうげい) (kōgei)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
虹
ぬじ Grade: S
kun’yomi

⟨nuzi⟩ → /nuʑi/

From Old Japanese[1], attested in the 北野本日本書紀 (Kitano-bon Nihon shoki) of the late Heian period.[4] May be a shift from earlier noji (see below); compare Okinawan ぬーじ (nuːdʑi) and Miyako ぬず (nudzɿ).

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) ぬじ [nùjí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [nɯ̟ᵝʑi]

Noun

虹(ぬじ) • (nuji)

(dialect, possibly obsolete) a rainbow

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
虹
のじ Grade: S
kun’yomi

⟨no₁zi⟩ → /noʑi/

From Old Japanese, appeared in the Man'yōshū of 759 CE as an eastern dialectal variant.[1][4][5]

Cognate with Okinawan ぬーじ (nuːdʑi) and Miyako ぬず (nudzɿ).

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) のじ [nòjí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [no̞ʑi]

Noun

虹(のじ) • (noji)

(obsolete) a rainbow

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
“虹・霓”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
虹・霓(にじ)とは - コトバンク‎, accessed 2019-01-21
c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3414), text available here

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 虹 (MC ɦuŋ). Recorded as Middle Korean 호ᇰ (hwong) (Yale: hwong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource虹 (eumhun 무지개 홍 (mujigae hong))

Hanja form^? of 홍 (“rainbow”).
Synonym: 霓 (예 (ye))

Compounds

홍채 (虹彩, hongchae, “iris”)
홍예 (虹霓, hong'ye, “rainbow”)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 虹 (MC kuŋ^H).

Hanja

虹 (eumhun 고을 이름 공 (go'eul ireum gong))

Hanja form^? of 공 (“a placename”).

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

虹: Hán Việt readings: hồng[1]
虹: Nôm readings: vồng[1]

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Trần (2004).

[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[2] “虹・霓”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN

[DJR-3] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[kotobank-4] 虹・霓(にじ)とは - コトバンク‎, accessed 2019-01-21

[5] . 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3414), text available here

[gdhn-6] Trần (2004).

虹

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation 1

Definitions

Synonyms

See also

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

Pronunciation 3

Definitions

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Korean

Etymology 1

Hanja

Compounds

Etymology 2

Hanja

References

Vietnamese

Han character

References