虐

虐	U+8650, 虐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8650

← 虏
[U+864F]

CJK Unified Ideographs

虑 →
[U+8651]

虐	U+2F9B3, 虐 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9B3

← 䕫
[U+2F9B2]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement

虜 →
[U+2F9B4]

Translingual

Han character

虐 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 卜心尸一 (YPSM), four-corner 2121₁, composition ⿸虍𰀂(GHTKV) or ⿸虍𰀄(J))

References

KangXi: page 1073, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32678
Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2820, character 5
Unihan data for U+8650
Unihan data for U+2F9B3

Chinese

trad.		虐
simp. ^#		虐
2nd round simp.		𰀂
alternative forms		𩁿䖋䖈𧆱𧆩𩁿䖋䖈𧆱𧆩𧆧𧆝䨋𣑅𣑾

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (虐) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
虐	*ŋawɢ
瘧	*ŋawɢ
謔	*hŋawɢ

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意) : 虎 (“tiger”) + 人 (“person”).

Etymology

Possibly related to 謔 (OC *hŋawɢ, “to ridicule”) (Bodman, 1980).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): nüè (nüe⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄋㄩㄝˋ
(Chengdu, SP): yuo²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): joek⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiak⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): nyioh⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngiok
(Meixian, Guangdong): ngiog⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): ieh⁴ / nieh⁴
Min Bei (KCR): ngiŏ̤
Min Dong (BUC): ngiŏk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gio̍k / gia̍k / lio̍k / jio̍k / ge̍k / gio̍h
(Teochew, Peng'im): ngiag⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): nyiaq (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): nyio⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nüè
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nyuè
  - Wade–Giles: nüeh⁴
  - Yale: nywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niueh
  - Palladius: нюэ (njue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɥɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yuo²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: iuo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yo²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: joek⁶
  - Yale: yeuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: joek⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yêg⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jœːk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngiak⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡiak̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyioh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲiɔʔ⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiok
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiog`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngiog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯ok̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngiog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲiɔk̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ieh⁴ / nieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəʔ²/, /niəʔ²/

Note:

ieh4 - literary;
nieh4 - vernacular.

Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngiŏ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɔ²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiŏk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋyoʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: gio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giok
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: gia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giak
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiak̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liok
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /liɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: jio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jiok
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ʑiɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ge̍k
  - Tâi-lô: gi̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gek
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍h
  - Tâi-lô: gio̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gioih
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ɡioʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡioʔ¹²¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiɤʔ⁴/

Note:

gio̍k/gia̍k - literary;
lio̍k/jio̍k, ge̍k - vernacular;
gio̍h - vernacular (e.g. 礙虐).

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngiag⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngia̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiak̚⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: nyiaq (T5)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲia̱ʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: nyio⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲio²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 虐
Mandarin	Beijing	/nyɛ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/iau⁵³/ /nyɛ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/niɑu⁵³/ /nye⁵³/
	Jinan	/yə²¹/
	Qingdao	/yə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/yo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/yo²¹/
	Xining	/ȵyu²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/nye¹³/
	Lanzhou	/yə¹³/ /miə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/yɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/nio²¹³/
	Chengdu	/nyo³¹/
	Guiyang	/nio²¹/
	Kunming	/nio³¹/
	Nanjing	/loʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/lyɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/ȵyʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/niaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵiaʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɑʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵiɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ȵa²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/niɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵio¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵio²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵio²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiok̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋiok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jœk̚²/
	Nanning	/nœk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/jœk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/giɔk̚⁵/ /liɔk̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋyoʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋiɔ²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋiak̚⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/niɔk̚³/

Middle Chinese: /ŋɨɐk̚/

Rime
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	陽 (107)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚約切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨɐk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiɐk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨak̚/
Li Rong	/ŋiak̚/
Wang Li	/ŋĭak̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯ak̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	joek⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)awk/
(Zhengzhang): /*ŋawɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nüè
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjak ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)awk/
English	cruel
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虐
Reading #	1/1
No.	9636
Phonetic component	虐
Rime group	藥
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	虐
Old Chinese	/*ŋawɢ/

Definitions

虐

cruel; tyrannical; oppressive
to abuse; to maltreat
(literary) disaster; calamity, catastrophe

Compounds

Derived terms from 虐

五虐
侈虐
侵虐
傲虐
僭虐
冤虐
刁虐
刻虐
削虐
助虐
受虐 (shòunüè)
嗣虐
大虐
奢虐
威虐
定虐
害虐
寇虐
德虐
忍虐
恣虐
悍虐
悖虐
戕虐
戾虐
扇虐
施虐 (shīnüè)
旱虐
昏虐
暴虐 (bàonüè)
暴虐浮躁
桀虐
楚虐
欺虐
毒虐
汰虐
淫虐
灼虐
炎虐
焅虐
煽虐
狂虐
狠虐
猜虐
禁虐
篡虐

罔上虐下
肆虐 (sìnüè)
苛虐
虐世
虐人
虐使
虐刑
虐刻
虐割
虐士
虐威
虐害
虐待 (nüèdài)
虐待狂 (nüèdàikuáng)
虐戕
虐戾
虐政 (nüèzhèng)
虐暑
虐暴
虐民
虐烈
虐焰
虐用
虐疾
虐行
虐遇
虐饕
虐魃
虣虐
被虐待狂
豺虎肆虐
躁虐
逞虐
邪虐
鄙虐
酗虐
酷虐
陵上虐下
陵虐
饕虐
首虐
魃虐
凌虐 (língnüè)
凶虐
亂虐／乱虐

二豎為虐／二竖为虐
兇虐／凶虐
兒童受虐／儿童受虐
助天為虐／助天为虐
助桀為虐／助桀为虐
助紂為虐／助纣为虐 (zhùzhòuwéinüè)
助紂爲虐／助纣为虐
厲虐／厉虐
嚴虐／严虐
弒虐／弑虐
強虐／强虐
惡虐／恶虐
慘虐／惨虐
搆虐／构虐
旱魃為虐／旱魃为虐
暴虐無道／暴虐无道
榮古虐今／荣古虐今
橫虐／横虐
殘虐／残虐 (cánnüè)
淩虐／凌虐
災虐／灾虐
礙虐／碍虐 (gāi-gio̍h) (Min Nan)
祖龍之虐／祖龙之虐
窮凶極虐／穷凶极虐
虐戲／虐戏
虐斂／虐敛
虐殺／虐杀 (nüèshā)
虐燄／虐焰
虐謀／虐谋
虐謔／虐谑
詐虐／诈虐
誅虐／诛虐
謔而不虐／谑而不虐 (xuè'érbùnüè)
譖虐／谮虐
貪虐／贪虐
賊虐／贼虐
遺虐／遗虐
醜虐／丑虐
醟虐／蒏虐
險虐／险虐
雪虐風饕／雪虐风饕
頑虐／顽虐
饕風虐雪／饕风虐雪
騷虐／骚虐
驕侈淫虐／骄侈淫虐

Japanese

Shinjitai	虐
Kyūjitai [1][2]	虐󠄁 虐+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	虐󠄃 虐+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

虐

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

to oppress; to persecute; to tyrannize

Readings

Go-on: ぎゃく (gyaku, Jōyō)^{←ぎやく (gyaku, historical)}
Kan-on: ぎゃく (gyaku, Jōyō)^{←ぎやく (gyaku, historical)}
Kun: しいたげる (shītageru, 虐げる, Jōyō)^{←しひたげる (sifitageru, historical)}; いじめ (ijime, 虐め)^{←いぢめ (idime, historical)}; いじめる (ijimeru, 虐める)^{←いぢめる (idimeru, historical)}; しえたげる (shietageru, 虐げる)^{←しへたげる (sifetageru, historical)}; そこなう (sokonau); むごい (mugoi, 虐い)

Compounds

虐(ぎゃく)遇(ぐう) (gyakugū)
虐(ぎゃく)刑(けい) (gyakukei)
虐(ぎゃく)殺(さつ) (gyakusatsu)
虐(ぎゃく)使(し) (gyakushi)
虐(ぎゃく)政(せい) (gyakusei)
虐(ぎゃく)待(たい) (gyakutai)
虐(ぎゃく)迫(はく) (gyakuhaku)
圧(あつ)虐(ぎゃく) (atsugyaku)
淫(いん)虐(ぎゃく) (ingyaku)
加(か)虐(ぎゃく) (kagyaku)
苛(か)虐(ぎゃく) (kagyaku)
残(ざん)虐(ぎゃく) (zangyaku)
嗜(し)虐(ぎゃく) (shigyaku)
自(じ)虐(ぎゃく) (jigyaku)
弑(しい)虐(ぎゃく) (shīgyaku) (弑(しい)逆(ぎゃく))
毒(どく)虐(ぎゃく) (dokugyaku)
八(はち)虐(ぎゃく) (hachigyaku)
被(ひ)虐(ぎゃく) (higyaku)
暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) (bōgyaku)
陵(りょう)虐(ぎゃく), 凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) (ryōgyaku)

References

白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014), “虐”, in 字通普及版 (Jitsū fukyūban, “Jitsū trade edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1061 (paper), page 543 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)

Korean

Etymology

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 악 (ak) based on Middle Chinese 虐 (MC ŋɨɐk̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅌᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: ngak)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠k̚]
Phonetic hangul: [학]

Hanja

虐 (eum 학 (hak))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

虐: Hán Nôm readings: ngược, ngước

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014), “虐”, in 字通普及版 (Jitsū fukyūban, “Jitsū trade edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN

[2] 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1061 (paper), page 543 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)