蘆薈

蘆薈

See also: 芦荟

Chinese

		rush; reed; Phragmites communis	flourish
trad. (蘆薈)		蘆	薈
simp. (芦荟)		芦	荟
alternative forms		盧會／卢会 蘆會／芦会 𦿊會／𦿊会 𦿊薈／𦿊荟

Etymology

Unknown. The word lu-hui was possibly borrowed from some language in Arabia, but its exact source remains enigmatic. Compare Classical Syriac ܥܰܠܘܰܝ‎ (ʿalway), Arabic أَلْوَة‎ (ʾalwa), Persian الوا‎ (alwā, ilwā), Ge'ez ዐልዋ (ʿälwa), ዓልው (ʿalw), ዓልዋ (ʿalwa), አለው (ʾäläw), አልው (ʾälw), all meaning “aloe”.

First attested in 《藥性論》 by Zhen Quan (甄權) of the Tang dynasty as 盧會. A number of variant forms existed for this term, suggesting a borrowed nature. Li Xun (李珣) of the 10^th century stated that:

蘆薈生波斯國，狀似黑餳（飴糖），乃樹脂也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

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芦荟生波斯国，状似黑饧（饴糖），乃树脂也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: 10th century, Li Xun (李珣), 《海藥本草》 ([Over]seas Pharmacopoeia)

Lúhuì shēng Bōsīguó, zhuàng sì hēitáng (yítáng), nǎi shùzhī yě. [Pinyin]

Lu-hui grows in the country Po-si [i.e. Persia], has the appearance of black confectionery, and is the sap of a tree.

This is in reference to a blackish-brown, inspissated form of aloe, obtained by boiling its sap down to a mass. This form of aloe was popular in much of Eurasia in antiquity, and was of medicinal value. The 13^th-century book Zhu Fan Zhi describes the plant as:

蘆薈出大食奴發國，草屬也。其狀如鱟尾，土人採而以玉器搗研之，熬而成膏，置諸皮袋中，名曰蘆薈。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

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芦荟出大食奴发国，草属也。其状如鲎尾，土人采而以玉器捣研之，熬而成膏，置诸皮袋中，名曰芦荟。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: 13th century, Zhao Rugua (趙汝适), 《諸蕃志》 (A Description of Barbarian Nations)

Lúhuì chū Dàshí Núfāguó, cǎo shǔ yě. Qí zhuàng rú hòu wěi, tǔrén cǎi ér yǐ yùqì dǎoyán zhī, áo ér chéng gāo, zhì zhū pídài zhōng, míng yuē lúhuì. [Pinyin]

Lu-hui comes from the land of Nu-fa of the Ta-shi country [i.e. Arabia]. It is derived from a vegetable product, which looks like the tail of a king-crab. The natives gather it and pound it with implements made of jadestone, after which it is boiled into an ointment and packed in skin bags, and this is called lu-hui.

The land of Nu-fa corresponds to Dhofar in Southern Arabia, a region historically renowned as a centre for Aloe cultivation.

A common folk etymology interpretation of the word is 盧 (“black”) + 會 (“to assemble; to concentrate”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lúhuì

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lou⁴ wui⁶
• Min Nan (POJ): lô͘-hōe / lô͘-hē / lô͘-ōe

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lúhuì
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lúhuèi
    • Wade–Giles: lu²-hui⁴
    • Yale: lú-hwèi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luhuey
    • Palladius: лухуэй (luxuej)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu³⁵ xweɪ̯⁵¹/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 盧會／卢会 蘆薈／芦荟

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: lou⁴ wui⁶
    • Yale: lòuh wuih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lou⁴ wui⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lou⁴ wui⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou̯²¹ wuːi̯²²/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô͘-hōe
    • Tâi-lô: lôo-huē
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lo'hoe
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ²³⁻³³ hue³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ²⁴⁻²² hue²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ hue³³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô͘-hē
    • Tâi-lô: lôo-hē
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lo'he
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ²³⁻³³ he³³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ he³³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô͘-ōe
    • Tâi-lô: lôo-uē
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lo'oe
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ²³⁻³³ ue³³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

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• Middle Chinese: /luo  ʔuɑi^H/

Rime
Character	蘆	薈
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	泰 (26)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	落胡切	烏外切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/luo/	/ʔuɑiH/
Pan Wuyun	/luo/	/ʔʷɑiH/
Shao Rongfen	/lo/	/ʔuɑiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɔ/	/ʔwajH/
Li Rong	/lo/	/ʔuɑiH/
Wang Li	/lu/	/uɑiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/luo/	/ʔuɑiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lú	wèi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lou4	wui3

Noun

蘆薈

1. aloe (Aloe)

Synonyms

• (Teochew) 油蔥／油葱 (yóu cōng)
• 奴會／奴会 (núhuì)
• 訥會／讷会 (nèhuì)
• 勞偉／劳伟

Derived terms

洋蘆薈／洋芦荟 蘆薈大黃素／芦荟大黄素

蘆薈素／芦荟素 蘆薈苷／芦荟苷

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
蘆	薈
ろ Hyōgaiji	かい Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Etymology

/roe/ → /rokwai/ → /rokai/

Originally borrowed from Latin aloe.

During the Edo period, this plant was known in Japan as roe, an abbreviation of the Latin-derived genus name Aloe.

The kanji spelling is ateji (当て字), based on the borrowed reading of e for 薈 (which has official on'yomi of wai and kai, historical kwai), based on the goon reading of e for the separate character 會, the lower portion of the character 薈 (and the kyūjitai form of shinjitai 会). Over time, the irregular e reading reverted to the then-official kwai reading, which then shifted to produce modern rokai.[1][2]

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
• (Tokyo) ろかい [ròkáí] (Heiban – [0])[2][3]
• IPA^(key): [ɾo̞ka̠i]

Noun

蘆(ろ)薈(かい) • (rokai) ^{←ろくわい (rokwai)?}

1. (botany) aloe (plant of the genus Aloe)

Usage notes

This term has been mostly superseded in modern Japanese by the re-borrowed term アロエ (aroe).

Descendants

• → Okinawan: 蘆薈 (rugwai, dugwai)

References

1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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Okinawan

Etymology

Probably borrowed from Japanese 蘆薈 (rokai). See that entry for more details.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾuɡʷai/, /duɡʷai/

Noun

蘆薈 (hiragana るぐゎい, rōmaji rugwai, alternative reading どぅぐゎい, rōmaji dugwai)

1. (botany) aloe (plant of the genus Aloe)