菠薐
Chinese
| phonetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (菠薐) | 菠 | 薐 | |
| simp. #(菠薐) | 菠 | 薐 | |
| alternative forms | 菠稜／菠棱 波稜／波棱 波棱 頗陵／颇陵 頗稜／颇棱 菠稜／菠棱 波稜／波棱 波棱 頗陵／颇陵 頗稜／颇棱 頗蔆／颇菱 飛龍／飞龙 | ||
Etymology
Around 674 C.E., borrowed from Sanskrit पालङ्क (pālaṅka), पालङ्क्य (pālaṅkya), पालक्या (pālakyā, “Indian spinach (Beta bengalensis)”), possibly via some ancient language in modern-day Nepal. Compare modern Nepali पालुङ्गो (pāluṅgo, “spinach”), Assamese পালেং (paleṅ), Bengali পালং (palôṅ, “spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”). Possibly the source of 菠菜 (bōcài).
Alternative etymology relates this word to the name of an ancient kingdom in India. Examples of such suggestions include:
- Wei Xuan of the Tang Dynasty, who remarked that:
- 豈非頗稜國將來，而語訛為菠稜耶？ [MSC, trad.]
- Qǐ fēi Pōléng Guó jiāng lái, ér yǔ é wèi bōléng yē? [Pinyin]
- Isn't it because it [i.e. spinach] came from the country p’olang, that it got its name polang?
岂非颇棱国将来，而语讹为菠棱耶？ [MSC, simp.]
- Sun Yi (孫奕) of the Song Dynasty also said:
- 《藝苑雌黃》云……蔬品有頗陵者，昔人自頗陵國將其子來，因以為名，今俗乃從艸而為菠薐。 [MSC, trad.]
- “Yìyuàn Cíhuáng” yún...... Shūpǐn yǒu pōlíng zhě, xīrén zì Pōlíng Guó jiāng qí zǐ lái, yīn yǐ wèi míng, jīn sú nǎi cóng cǎo ér wèi bōléng. [Pinyin]
- According to the book Yiyuan Cihuang: The vegetable p’olang, was introduced as seeds from the country p’olang, and hence named. Nowadays its name is written with the 艸 radical, as ‘菠薐’.
《艺苑雌黄》云……蔬品有颇陵者，昔人自颇陵国将其子来，因以为名，今俗乃从艸而为菠薐。 [MSC, simp.]
Berthold Laufer in his book Sino-Iranica observed that there was a country known from inscriptions called पालक्क (pālakka), which likely lies in present-day Palakkad, Kerala, in Southern India. He conjectured that at the time of introduction of the vegetable, the monks from Nepal also brought with them their own folk etymology of the association between the plant name and the toponym/country name.[1] Compare modern Hindi पालक (pālak, “spinach”).
Pronunciation
Noun
菠薐
- (archaic or dialectal) spinach
- 菜之菠薐，本西國中有僧將其子來，如苜蓿、蒲陶，因張騫而至也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Tang Dynasty, Wei Xuan, 《劉賓客嘉話錄》
- Cài zhī bōléng, běn xīguó zhōng yǒu sēng jiāng qí zǐ lái, rú mùxu, pútáo, yīn Zhāng Qiān ér zhì yě. [Pinyin]
- Seeds of the vegetable spinach were originally brought here [to China] by monks from the western country [i.e. India], like alfalfa and grape which were introduced by Zhang Qian.
菜之菠薐，本西国中有僧将其子来，如苜蓿、蒲陶，因张骞而至也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 菠薐煮豆腐 [Min Dong, trad. and simp.]
- puŏ-lìng cṳ̄ dâu-hô / [pʰuo⁵⁵ l̃iŋ⁵³ t͡sy³³ tau²⁴²⁻⁵³ (h-)ou²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
- tofu spinach pot
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 菠菜 (“spinach”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 菠菜 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 菠菜 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 菠菜 |
| Taiwan | 菠菜 | |
| Tianjin | 菠菜 | |
| Langfang | 菠菜 | |
| Tangshan | 菠菜 | |
| Cangzhou | 菠菜 | |
| Baoding | 青菜 | |
| Shijiazhuang | 青菜 | |
| Daming | 菠菜 | |
| Harbin | 菠菜 | |
| Yantai (Muping) | 菠菜 | |
| Qingdao | 菠菜 | |
| Jinan | 菠菜 | |
| Luoyang | 菠菜 | |
| Wanrong | 菠菜 | |
| Zhengzhou | 菠菜 | |
| Xi'an | 菠菜 | |
| Yinchuan | 菠菜 | |
| Lanzhou | 綠菠菜 | |
| Xining | 菠菜 | |
| Ürümqi | 菠菜 | |
| Wuhan | 菠菜, 紅嘴綠鸚哥 | |
| Chengdu | 菠菜 | |
| Guiyang | 菠菜 | |
| Kunming | 菠菜 | |
| Guilin | 菠菜 | |
| Liuzhou | 菠菜 | |
| Xuzhou | 菠菜 | |
| Yangzhou | 菠菜 | |
| Nanjing | 菠菜 | |
| Hefei | 菠菜 | |
| Singapore | 菠菜 | |
| Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 菠菜 | |
| Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 菠菜 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Hong Kong | 菠菜 | |
| Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 菠菜 | |
| Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 菠菜 | |
| Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 角菜 | |
| Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 角菜 | |
| Macau | 菠菜 | |
| Guangzhou (Panyu) | 菠菜 | |
| Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 菠菜 | |
| Guangzhou (Conghua) | 菠菜 | |
| Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 菠菜 | |
| Foshan | 菠菜 | |
| Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 菠菜 | |
| Foshan (Shunde) | 菠菜 | |
| Foshan (Sanshui) | 菠菜 | |
| Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 菠菜 | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 菠菜 | |
| Zhuhai (Qianshan) | 菠菜 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) | 菠菜 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen) | 菠菜 | |
| Jiangmen (Baisha) | 菠菜 | |
| Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 菠菜 | |
| Taishan | 菠菜 | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 菠菜 | |
| Enping (Niujiang) | 菠菜 | |
| Heshan (Yayao) | 菠菜 | |
| Dongguan | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 | |
| Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 菠菜 | |
| Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 角菜 | |
| Qingyuan | 菠菜, 角菜 | |
| Fogang | 角菜 | |
| Yingde (Hanguang) | 角菜 | |
| Yangshan | 角菜 | |
| Lianshan (Butian) | 角菜 | |
| Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) | 菠菜, 菠薐 | |
| Shaoguan | 菠菜 | |
| Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 菠菜 | |
| Renhua | 角菜 | |
| Lechang | 角菜, 菠菜 | |
| Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 菠菜 | |
| Sihui | 角菜, 菠菜 | |
| Guangning | 角菜 | |
| Deqing | 菠菜 | |
| Huaiji | 角菜 | |
| Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 菠薐 | |
| Yunfu | 菠菜 | |
| Xinxing | 菠菜 | |
| Luoding | 菠菜 | |
| Yunan (Pingtai) | 菠菜 | |
| Yangjiang | 菠薐菜 | |
| Xinyi | 菠菜 | |
| Lianjiang | 菠菜 | |
| Nanning | 菠菜 | |
| Wuzhou | 菠菜 | |
| Yulin | 菠薐 | |
| Hepu (Lianzhou) | 菠菜 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 菠菜 | |
| Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 菠菜 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 菠菜, 紅嘴綠鸚哥 |
| Lichuan | 菠菜 | |
| Pingxiang | 菠菜 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 角菜, 角菜仔, 菠菜 |
| Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 菠菜, 角菜 | |
| Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Dongguan (Qingxi) | 角菜 | |
| Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Boluo (Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 角菜 | |
| Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 角菜 | |
| Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 菠菜 | |
| Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 角菜 | |
| Wuhua (Huacheng) | 角菜 | |
| Wuhua (Changbu) | 菠菜 | |
| Wuhua (Mianyang) | 菠菜 | |
| Heyuan (Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) | 菠菜 | |
| Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) | 菠菜, 角菜 | |
| Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) | 菠菜 | |
| Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) | 角菜 | |
| Jiexi | 菠薐菜 | |
| Raoping (Xinfeng) | 菠薐菜 | |
| Changting | 菠薐菜 | |
| Wuping | 菠薐菜 | |
| Liancheng | 菠薐菜 | |
| Yudu | 菠菜, 菠薐 | |
| Ruijin | 菠薐 | |
| Shicheng | 菠菜 | |
| Shangyou (Shexi) | 菠菜 | |
| Taoyuan | 角菜 | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 角菜 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 角菜 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 角菜 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 角菜 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 角菜 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 角子菜 | |
| Hong Kong | 角菜 | |
| Luchuan (Daqiao) | 菠菜 | |
| Sabah (Longchuan) | 菠菜 | |
| Senai (Huiyang) | 菠菜 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 菠菜 |
| Shexian | 菠菜 | |
| Tunxi | 甜菜, 菠菜 | |
| Xiuning | 菠菜, 甜菜 | |
| Yixian | 菠龍 | |
| Qimen | 菠菜 | |
| Wuyuan | 菠菜 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Pingyao | 青菜 | |
| Xinzhou | 青菜 | |
| Hohhot | 菠菜 | |
| Zhangjiakou | 菠菜 | |
| Handan | 青菜 | |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 菠薐 |
| Jian'ou (Dikou) | 菠薐菜 | |
| Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 菠薐 | |
| Jianyang | 菠薐 | |
| Wuyishan | 菠薐 | |
| Pucheng (Shibei) | 菠薐 | |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 |
| Changle | 菠薐菜 | |
| Fuqing | 菠薐菜 | |
| Yongtai | 紅根菜 | |
| Gutian | 紅根菜 | |
| Fu'an | 紅頭菜 | |
| Ningde | 紅根菜 | |
| Shouning | 紅根菜 | |
| Zhouning | 紅頭菜 | |
| Fuding | 紅根菜 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 菠薐菜, 赤根菜 |
| Xiamen (Tong'an) | 赤根 | |
| Quanzhou | 菠倫菜 | |
| Zhangzhou | 菠薐菜 | |
| Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 菠薐仔 | |
| Dongshan | 菠薐菜 | |
| Taipei | 菠薐仔, 菠薐仔菜 | |
| New Taipei (Sanxia) | 菠薐仔 | |
| Kaohsiung | 菠薐仔 | |
| Yilan | 菠薐仔 | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 菠薐仔, 菠薐仔菜 | |
| Taichung | 菠薐仔 | |
| Taichung (Wuqi) | 菠薐仔菜 | |
| Tainan | 菠薐仔, 菠薐 | |
| Taitung | 菠薐仔 | |
| Hsinchu | 菠薐菜, 菠薐仔 | |
| Kinmen | 菠薐菜 | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 菠薐 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 菠薐, bayam菜 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 菠薐菜, 菠薐仔, 菠薐 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 菠倫菜 | |
| Longyan | 角仔菜 | |
| Zhangping | 角仔菜 | |
| Zhangping (Yongfu) | 角仔菜 | |
| Datian | 紅根菜 | |
| Pingnan (Shangdu) | 菠菜 | |
| Chaozhou | 菠薐 | |
| Raoping | 菠薐 | |
| Shantou | 菠薐 | |
| Shantou (Chaoyang) | 菠菜 | |
| Jieyang | 菠薐 | |
| Bangkok (Teochew) | 菠薐 | |
| Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 菠薐 | |
| Wenchang | 菠菜 | |
| Haikou | 菠菜 | |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 明菜, 菠菜 |
| Xianyou | 明菜 | |
| Min Zhong | Yong'an | 菠薐菜 |
| Sanyuan | 紅頭菜 | |
| Shaxian | 紅頭菜 | |
| Zhongshan Min | Shaxi (Longdu) | 菠菜 |
| Sanxiang | 菠菜 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 菠菜 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 菠菜 |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 菠菜 | |
| Suzhou | 菠菜 | |
| Danyang | 菠菜 | |
| Hangzhou | 菠菜 | |
| Ningbo | 菠薐, 菠菜 | |
| Wenzhou | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 | |
| Jinhua | 菠薐菜 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 菠菜, 扯根菜 |
| Xiangtan | 菠菜, 甜頭菜 | |
| Loudi | 菠菜, 扯根菜 | |
| Shuangfeng | 扯根菜 | |
| Quanzhou | 菠菜 | |
Derived terms
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|
Descendants
- → Japanese: 菠薐草
- → Thai: ปวยเล้ง (bpuai-léng) (via Teochew)
References
- Berthold Laufer (1919) Sino-Iranica: Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products, page 397-398:
- As a matter of fact, spinach is a vegetable of the temperate zones and alien to tropical regions. A genuine Sanskrit word for the spinach is unknown. Nevertheless Chinese po-liṅ, *pwa-liṅ, must represent the transcription of some Indian vernacular name. In Hindustānī we have palak as designation for the spinach, and palaṅ or palak as name for Beta vulgaris, Puštu pālak, apparently developed from Sanskrit pālaṅka, pālankya, palakyū, pālakyā, to which our dictionaries attribute the meaning “a kind of vegetable, a kind of beet-root, Beta bengalensis”; in Bengālī paluṅ. To render the coincidence with the Chinese form complete, there is also Sanskrit Pālakka or Pālaka as the name of a country, which has evidently resulted in the assertion of Buddhist monks that the spinach must come from a country Paliṅga. The Nepalese, accordingly, applied a word relative to a native plant to the newly-introduced spinach, and, together with the product, handed this word on to China...