荷

荷	U+8377, 荷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8377

← 荶
[U+8376]

CJK Unified Ideographs

荸 →
[U+8378]

Translingual

Han character

荷 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 廿人一口 (TOMR), four-corner 4422₁, composition ⿱艹何)

References

KangXi: page 1032, character 13

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31000

Dae Jaweon: page 1491, character 23

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3220, character 4

Unihan data for U+8377

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 荷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
砢	*ɡ·raːlʔ
柯	*kaːl
菏	kaːl, ɡaːl
牁	*kaːl
滒	*kaːl
哥	*kaːl
歌	*kaːl
謌	*kaːl
鴚	*kaːl
哿	*kaːlʔ
舸	*kaːlʔ
笴	kaːlʔ, kaːnʔ
軻	kʰaːl, kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂	*kʰaːl
可	*kʰaːlʔ
岢	*kʰaːlʔ
坷	kʰaːlʔ, kʰaːls
蚵	kʰaːls, ɡaːl
呵	qʰaːl, qʰaːls
訶	*qʰaːl
抲	*qʰaːl
荷	qʰaːls, ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何	ɡaːl, ɡaːlʔ
河	*ɡaːl
苛	*ɡaːl
魺	*ɡaːl
袔	*ɡaːls
阿	*qaːl
妸	qaːl, qaːlʔ
疴	qaːl, kʰraːls
鈳	*qaːl
娿	qaːl, qaːlʔ
痾	*qaːl
跒	*kʰraːlʔ
閜	*qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 何 (OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ).

Etymology 1

trad.		荷
simp. ^#		荷

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hé (he²)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ho⁴
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ho³
Gan (Wiktionary): ho²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hò
Jin (Wiktionary): he¹
Min Bei (KCR): ǒ̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hô / hô͘ / ô / hâ
(Teochew, Peng'im): o⁵ / ho⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): hhu (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): ho²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hé
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hé
  - Wade–Giles: ho²
  - Yale: hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
  - Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ho⁴
  - Yale: hòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ho⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ho⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ho³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔ²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: ho²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ho²⁴/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hò
  - Hakka Romanization System: hoˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ho²
  - Sinological IPA: /ho¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: he¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /xɤ¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǒ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔ²¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
  - Tâi-lô: hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ho¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
  - Tâi-lô: hôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ô
  - Tâi-lô: ô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ooi
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /o¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /o²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɤ²³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâ
  - Tâi-lô: hâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haa
  - IPA (Taipei): /ha²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha²³/

Note:

hô/hô͘ - literary;
ô - vernacular;
hâ - in 荷包 (hâ-pau).

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: o⁵ / ho⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ô / hô
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /o⁵⁵/, /ho⁵⁵/

Note:

o5 - vernacular;
ho5 - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhu (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦv̩ʷ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ho²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo¹³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦɑ/

Rime
Character	荷
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡歌切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦa/
Li Rong	/ɣɑ/
Wang Li	/ɣɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ho⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤaj/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	荷
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ ha ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁaj/
English	lotus
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	荷
Reading #	2/3
No.	7463
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	何
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːl/

Definitions

荷

lotus
lotus leaf
Short for 荷蘭／荷兰 (Hélán, “Netherlands”).
a surname

Compounds

令箭荷花
墨荷
芰荷
荷包 (hébāo)
荷包蛋 (hébāodàn)
荷塘 (hétáng)
荷月 (Héyuè)
荷珠配
荷花 (héhuā)
荷花出水
荷花堰 (Héhuāyàn)
荷花大少
荷荷芭 (héhébā)

荷衣
菊老荷枯
藕荷 (ǒuhé)
蘘荷 (ránghé, “myoga”)
香荷包
團荷／团荷
性荷爾蒙／性荷尔蒙
愛荷華／爱荷华 (Àihéhuá)
愛達荷／爱达荷 (Àidáhé)
煙袋荷包／烟袋荷包
繡荷包／绣荷包
荷爾蒙／荷尔蒙 (hé'ěrméng)

荷花燈／荷花灯
荷葉先師／荷叶先师
荷葉肉／荷叶肉
荷蘭／荷兰 (Hélán)
荷蘭乳牛／荷兰乳牛
荷蘭水／荷兰水 (hélánshuǐ)
荷蘭王國／荷兰王国 (Hélán Wángguó)
荷蘭豆／荷兰豆 (hélándòu)
荷蘭豬／荷兰猪
荷錢／荷钱
荷馬史詩／荷马史诗
達荷美／达荷美 (Dáhéměi)

Etymology 2

trad.		荷
simp. ^#		荷
alternative forms		𦽅

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): he (he⁵)
(Zhuyin): ˙ㄏㄜ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ho⁴
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ho³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hò
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hô / hǒ͘
(Teochew, Peng'im): ho³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: he
  - Zhuyin: ˙ㄏㄜ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: he̊
  - Wade–Giles: ho⁵
  - Yale: he
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .he
  - Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xə/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ho⁴
  - Yale: hòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ho⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ho⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ho³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hò
  - Hakka Romanization System: hoˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ho²
  - Sinological IPA: /ho¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
  - Tâi-lô: hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
  - Tâi-lô: hǒo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ho³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hò
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ho²¹³/

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰaːls/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	荷
Reading #	1/3
No.	7457
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	呵
Old Chinese	/*qʰaːls/
Notes	薄荷（𦽅）的今字

Definitions

荷

Only used in 薄荷 (bòhé).

Compounds

薄荷 (bòhé)
薄荷油 (bòhéyóu)

薄荷精

薄荷腦／薄荷脑 (bòhénǎo)

Etymology 3

trad.		荷
simp. ^#		荷
alternative forms		何

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ⪤ *s-gal (“back (lower); kidney; load; carry”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྒལ་པ (sgal pa, “small of the back”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल्‌ (gəl, “kidney”), Tangut 𗹼 (/*khiwa¹/, “kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”), 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ, “to be able to”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hè (he⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ho⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ho⁵
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hō / hō͘ / hǒ͘
(Teochew, Peng'im): o⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hè
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hè
  - Wade–Giles: ho⁴
  - Yale: hè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heh
  - Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ho⁶
  - Yale: hoh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ho⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ho⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ho⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔ³²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō
  - Tâi-lô: hō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoi
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ho²²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ho⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ho³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
  - Tâi-lô: hōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ho
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒ͘
  - Tâi-lô: hǒo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: o⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ŏ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /o³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ɦɑ^X/

Rime
Character	荷
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡可切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦa^X/
Li Rong	/ɣɑ^X/
Wang Li	/ɣɑ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɑ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ho⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤajʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	荷
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hè
Middle Chinese	‹ ha^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁajʔ/
English	carry
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	荷
Reading #	3/3
No.	7465
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	荷
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːlʔ/

Definitions

荷

to carry (a load on one's shoulder); to hold
to shoulder; to bear (e.g. responsibilities)
load; burden
(physics) load; charge

Compounds

不念荷戈
感恩荷德
投袂荷戈
父析子荷
荷蓑
荷重
超荷子 (chāohèzǐ)
不勝負荷／不胜负荷 (bùshèngfùhè)

不堪負荷／不堪负荷
戴笠荷鋤／戴笠荷锄
擔荷／担荷
為荷／为荷
荷懼／荷惧
荷擔／荷担
荷槍實彈／荷枪实弹 (hèqiāngshídàn)
荷負／荷负

荷質比／荷质比
荷載／荷载
荷鋤／荷锄
負荷／负荷 (fùhè)
負荷量／负荷量
載荷／载荷
電荷／电荷 (diànhè)

Etymology 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 荷 – see 苛 (“trifling; tedious”). (This character, 荷, is an obsolete form of 苛.)

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of 荷 – see 訶 (“to investigate; to interrogate”). (This character, 荷, is an obsolete form of 訶.)

Japanese

Kanji

荷

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

load, cargo
luggage

Readings

Go-on: が (ga)
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
Kun: に (ni, 荷, Jōyō); になう (ninau, 荷う)

Compounds

手(て)荷(に)物(もつ) (tenimotsu)
荷(に)物(もつ) (nimotsu)
茗(みょう)荷(が) (myōga), 蘘(みょう)荷(が) (myōga): myoga or Japanese ginger (Zingiber mioga); a dimwit, an idiot, a stupid person; a kind of kamon, family crest

Counter

荷(か) • (-ka)

loads that can be carried on one's shoulders

Suffix

荷(か) • (-ka)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 荷 (MC ɦɑ^X, “load”).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ〯 (Yale: hhǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)^訓 (Yale: ha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠]
Phonetic hangul: [하]

Hanja

Wikisource荷 (eumhun 멜 하 (mel ha))

Hanja form^? of 하 (“load; burden; cargo; freight”).
Hanja form^? of 하 (“to bear; to undertake; to take charge; to owe”).

Compounds

하역 (荷役, hayeok)
하물 (荷物, hamul, “freight; cargo; goods”)
하주 (荷主, haju, “owner of goods”)
하중 (荷重, hajung, “load; weight”)
하치 (荷置, hachi, “unloading”)
선하 (船荷, seonha, “shippped cargo”)
입하 (入荷, ipha, “arrival of cargo”)
부하 (負荷, buha, “load; workload”)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 荷 (MC ɦɑ, “lotus”).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ (Yale: hha) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)^訓 (Yale: ha) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha)^訓 (Yale: ha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠]
Phonetic hangul: [하]

Hanja

荷 (eumhun 연꽃 하 (yeonkkot ha))

Hanja form^? of 하 (“lotus; water lily”).
Synonym: 蓮 (련/연 (ryeon/yeon))

Compounds

양하 (蘘荷, yangha, “myoga”)
하엽 (荷葉, hayeop, “lotus leaf”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

荷: Hán Nôm readings: hà

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