茹

茹

茹 U+8339, 茹 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8339 ← 茸 [U+8338] CJK Unified Ideographs 茺 → [U+833A]

Translingual

Han character

茹 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿女口 (TVR), four-corner 4446₀, composition ⿱艹如)

1. roots
2. vegetables
3. eat
4. to bear; withstand

Derived characters

• 𣺾, 𦷸

References

• KangXi: page 1029, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30921
• Dae Jaweon: page 1488, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3211, character 11
• Unihan data for U+8339

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Chinese

trad.		茹
simp. #		茹

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
拿	*rnaː
拏	*rnaː
詉	*rnaː
蒘	*rnaː, *na
笯	*rnaː, *naː, *naːs
挐	*rnaː, *na
絮	*rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas
呶	*rnaːw
怓	*rnaːw
帑	*n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː
奴	*naː
砮	*naː, *naːʔ
駑	*naː
孥	*naː
努	*naːʔ
弩	*naːʔ
怒	*naːʔ, *naːs
袽	*na
帤	*na
女	*naʔ, *nas
籹	*naʔ
恕	*hnjas
如	*nja, *njas
茹	*nja, *njaʔ, *njas
洳	*nja, *njas
鴽	*nja
蕠	*nja
汝	*njaʔ
肗	*njaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njas) : semantic 艹 (“grass, plants”) + phonetic 如 (OC *nja, *njas) – plant roots, part of a plant.

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Kharia [script needed] (ɲoʔ, “to eat”) and Proto-Vietic *s-nja:ʔ (“to chew, to masticate”) (> Vietnamese nhá).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rú, rù (ru², ru⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ, ㄖㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu⁶, jyu⁴
• Min Nan (POJ): jî / jû / lu / lû

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rú
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rú
    • Wade–Giles: ju²
    • Yale: rú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ru
    • Palladius: жу (žu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rù
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rù
    • Wade–Giles: ju⁴
    • Yale: rù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruh
    • Palladius: жу (žu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: jyu⁶, jyu⁴
    • Yale: yuh, yùh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jy⁶, jy⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yu⁶, yu⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyː²²/, /jyː²¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî / jû / lu / lû
    • Tâi-lô: jî / jû / lu / lû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jii, juu, lw, luu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /d͡ʑi²⁴/, /d͡zu²⁴/, /lu⁴⁴/, /lu²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /d͡ʑi²⁴/, /d͡zu²⁴/, /lu³³/, /lu²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ʑi¹³/, /d͡zu¹³/, /lu⁴⁴/, /lu¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /d͡ʑi²⁴/, /d͡zu²⁴/, /lu⁴⁴/, /lu²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ʑi²³/, /zu²³/, /lu⁴⁴/, /lu²³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ȵɨʌ/, /ȵɨʌ^X/, /ȵɨʌ^H/

Rime
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	日 (38)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	魚 (22)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	人諸切	人渚切	人恕切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨʌ/	/ȵɨʌX/	/ȵɨʌH/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɔ/	/ȵiɔX/	/ȵiɔH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiɔ/	/ȵʑiɔX/	/ȵʑiɔH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵɨə̆/	/ȵɨə̆X/	/ȵɨə̆H/
Li Rong	/ȵiɔ/	/ȵiɔX/	/ȵiɔH/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭo/	/ȵʑĭoX/	/ȵʑĭoH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯wo/	/ȵʑi̯woX/	/ȵʑi̯woH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rú	rǔ	rù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyu4	jyu5	jyu6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*naʔ/, /*na-s/, /*naʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*nja/, /*njaʔ/, /*njas/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rú	rú	rú
Middle Chinese	‹ nyoX ›	‹ nyoH ›	‹ nyoH ›
Old Chinese	/*naʔ/	/*na-s/	/*naʔ-s/
English	swallow, eat	scrutinize	swallow, eat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	9624	9630	9633
Phonetic component	女	女	女
Rime group	魚	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	如	汝	洳
Old Chinese	/*nja/	/*njaʔ/	/*njas/

Definitions

茹

1. to eat

   • 舜之飯糗茹草也，若將終身焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     舜之饭糗茹草也，若将终身焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Shùn zhī fàn qiǔ rú cǎo yě, ruò jiāng zhōngshēn yān. [Pinyin]

     Shun's manner of eating his parched grain and consuming herbs was as if he were to be doing so all his life.

2. to bear
3. to guess
4. soft
5. corrupted
6. vegetables
7. a surname
8. (organic chemistry) rubicene

Compounds

含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ) 竹茹 (zhúrú) 茅茹 茹古涵今 茹泣吞悲 茹素 (rúsù) 茹苦含辛 茹荼

菜茹 吐剛茹柔／吐刚茹柔 拔茅連茹／拔茅连茹 柔茹剛吐／柔茹刚吐 柔茹寡斷／柔茹寡断 茹柔吐剛／茹柔吐刚 茹毛飲血／茹毛饮血 (rúmáoyǐnxuè) 茹葷／茹荤 (rúhūn)

茹魚去蠅／茹鱼去蝇 蔬茹氣／蔬茹气 銜悲茹恨／衔悲茹恨 銜聲茹氣／衔声茹气 飯糗茹草／饭糗茹草 飲冰茹蘗／饮冰茹蘗 飲血茹毛／饮血茹毛

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Japanese

Kanji

茹

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. to boil
2. to seethe

Readings

• Go-on: にょ (nyo)
• Kan-on: じょ (jo)
• Kun: ゆでる (yuderu, 茹でる); くう (kuu, 茹う)
• Nanori: かやね (kayane)

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Korean

Hanja

茹 • (yeo) (hangeul 여, revised yeo, McCune–Reischauer yŏ, Yale ye)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

茹: Hán Nôm readings: nhà, nhu, như, nhựa, nhự, nhừa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation