花
|
|
Translingual
Stroke order | |||
Simplified Chinese![]() |
Han character
花 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 7 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿人心 (TOP), four-corner 44214, composition ⿱艹化)
Derived characters
- 𫢮, 𠵅, 埖, 婲, 𢯘, 㳸, 㬸, 椛, 𤦙, 硴, 𮖏, 糀, 誮, 𬦷, 𬧧, 錵, 𩋖, 𩤉, 𩸽, 𠝐, 𫈪, 𠎍, 𤰏, 蒊
References
- KangXi: page 1020, character 21
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30734
- Dae Jaweon: page 1478, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3181, character 7
- Unihan data for U+82B1
- Unihan data for U+2F993
Chinese
trad. | 花 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 花 | |
alternative forms | 華/华 蘤/花 芲 𠌶 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 花 | ||
---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
訛 | *ŋʷaːl |
吪 | *ŋʷaːl |
鈋 | *ŋʷaːl |
囮 | *lu, *ŋʷaːl |
魤 | *ŋʷaːl |
靴 | *hʷa |
貨 | *hŋʷaːls |
花 | *hʷraː |
化 | *hŋʷraːls |
杹 | *hŋʷraːls |
匕 | *pilʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hʷraː) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls). Originally 𠌶 or 華 before the Han dynasty.
Etymology
Unclear. According to Schuessler (2007), either from:
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan *baːr (“bloom, flower”) and thus an example of possible *b ~ *w variation, with final -r moved to medial position. If so, cognate with 葩 (OC *pʰraː); outside Sinitic, compare Burmese ပန်း (pan:), Lepcha [script needed] (búr), Mizo páar. Sagart (2021) also connects it to 葩 (OC *pʰˤra), modifying Baxter and Sagart's (2014) reconstruction to *Cə-pʰˤra and proposing the sound changes *Cə-pʰ- > *Cə-ɸ- > *ɸ- > xw-.
- Or from Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *pkaaw ~ *pkaʔ (“flower, blossom”).
華 (OC *ɡʷraː, “to flower”) is a derivative.
Pronunciation
![](Images/wiktionary/Pfingstrosen.JPG.webp)
Definitions
花
- flower; blossom (Classifier: 朵 m c; 支 m c; 蕊 h mn; 束 m c; 把 m; 盆 m c; 簇 m; 紮/扎 c)
- 花朵 ― huāduǒ ― flower
- florid; flowery
- 花花綠綠/花花绿绿 ― huāhualǜlǜ ― (please add an English translation of this example)
- pattern; design
- 松花蛋 ― sōnghuādàn ― thousand-year-old egg
- blurred
- 眼花 ― yǎnhuā ― to have blurred vision
- fireworks
- 煙花/烟花 ― yānhuā ― fireworks
- essence; cream
- wound
- Short for 天花 (tiānhuā, “smallpox”).
- 種花/种花 ― zhònghuā ― to vaccinate against smallpox
- courtesan; prostitute
- to spend (money, time, etc.); to cost
- 這件衣服花了不到一百塊 [MSC, trad.]
- zhè jiàn yīfú huā le bùdào yībǎi kuài [Pinyin]
- This clothing cost less than 100 yuan.
这件衣服花了不到一百块 [MSC, simp.]
- profligate
- (slang) randy; lecherous
- (slang) to be horny; to womanize
- false
- (Cantonese) scratched
- 佢著咗呢對鞋兩個月就已經花嗮喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- keoi5 zoek3 zo2 nei1 deoi3 haai4 loeng5 go3 jyut6 zau6 ji5 ging1 faa1 saai3 laa3. [Jyutping]
- He's worn the shoes for only two months and they're already all scratched up.
佢着咗呢对鞋两个月就已经花嗮喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- (Cantonese, of images, drawings, patterns, etc.) over-colorful; chaotic; messy
- (Cantonese, card games) flush
- (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to extinguish; to put out (of fire)
- (Quanzhou Hokkien) to disappear (of a scar)
- a surname. Hua
Synonyms
Variety | Location | Words edit |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 花, 華 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 花朵, 花 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 花兒 |
Taiwan | 花 | |
Ulanhot | 花兒 | |
Tongliao | 花兒 | |
Chifeng | 花兒 | |
Bayanhot | 花兒 | |
Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 花兒 | |
Shenyang | 花 | |
Yantai (Muping) | 花 | |
Jinan | 花 | |
Luoyang | 花兒 | |
Wanrong | 花兒 | |
Zhengzhou | 花兒 | |
Xi'an | 花 | |
Yinchuan | 花 | |
Lanzhou | 花兒, 花 | |
Xining | 花兒, 花 | |
Ürümqi | 花 | |
Wuhan | 花 | |
Chengdu | 花 | |
Guiyang | 花 | |
Kunming | 花 | |
Guilin | 花 | |
Liuzhou | 花 | |
Xuzhou | 花兒 | |
Yangzhou | 花 | |
Nanjing | 花 | |
Hefei | 花 | |
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 花兒 | |
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 花 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 花 |
Hong Kong | 花 | |
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 花 | |
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 花 | |
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 花 | |
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 花 | |
Macau | 花 | |
Guangzhou (Panyu) | 花 | |
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 花 | |
Guangzhou (Conghua) | 花 | |
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 花 | |
Foshan | 花 | |
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 花 | |
Foshan (Shunde) | 花 | |
Foshan (Sanshui) | 花 | |
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 花 | |
Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 花 | |
Zhuhai (Qianshan) | 花 | |
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) | 花 | |
Zhuhai (Doumen) | 花 | |
Jiangmen (Baisha) | 花 | |
Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 花 | |
Taishan | 花 | |
Kaiping (Chikan) | 花 | |
Enping (Niujiang) | 花 | |
Heshan (Yayao) | 花 | |
Dongguan | 花 | |
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 花 | |
Shaoguan | 花 | |
Yunfu | 花 | |
Yangjiang | 花 | |
Xinyi | 花 | |
Lianjiang | 花 | |
Nanning | 花 | |
Wuzhou | 花 | |
Yulin | 花 | |
Hepu (Lianzhou) | 花 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 花 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 花 |
Lichuan | 花 | |
Pingxiang | 花 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 花 |
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 花 | |
Dongguan (Qingxi) | 花 | |
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 花 | |
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 花 | |
Conghua (Lütian) | 花 | |
Yudu | 花 | |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 花 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 花 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 花 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 花 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 花 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 花 | |
Hong Kong | 花 | |
Luchuan (Daqiao) | 花 | |
Senai (Huiyang) | 花 | |
Singkawang | 花 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 花 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 花兒 |
Pingyao | 花 | |
Xinzhou | 花兒 | |
Taibus (Baochang) | 花兒 | |
Linhe | 花 | |
Jining | 花兒 | |
Hohhot | 花兒 | |
Baotou | 花兒 | |
Dongsheng | 花兒 | |
Haibowan | 花兒 | |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 花 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 花 |
Fuqing | 花 | |
Matsu | 花 | |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 花, 花蕊 |
Quanzhou | 花, 花蕊 | |
Zhangzhou | 花, 花蕊 | |
Taipei | 花, 花蕊 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 花 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 花 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 花 | |
Pingnan (Shangdu) | 花 | |
Chaozhou | 花 | |
Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 花 | |
Leizhou | 花 | |
Haikou | 花 | |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 花, 花朵 |
Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 花 |
Shehua | Fu'an | 花 |
Fuding | 花 | |
Luoyuan | 花 | |
Sanming | 花 | |
Shunchang | 花 | |
Hua'an | 花 | |
Guixi (Zhangping) | 花 | |
Cangnan | 花 | |
Jingning | 花 | |
Lishui | 花 | |
Longyou | 花 | |
Chaozhou | 花 | |
Fengshun | 花 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 花 |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 花 | |
Suzhou | 花 | |
Hangzhou | 花 | |
Ningbo | 花 | |
Wenzhou | 花 | |
Jinhua | 花 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 花 |
Loudi | 花 | |
Shuangfeng | 花 | |
Quanzhou | 花 |
- (to spend time): (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) 使; (Min Nan) 開/开
Compounds
|
|
|
Descendants
- → Japanese: 花 (ka)
- → Korean: 화(花) (hwa)
- → Vietnamese: hoa (花)
Others:
- → Ai-Cham: hwa¹
- → Zhuang: va
References
- “花”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #4442”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Kanji
(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)
- flower
- beauty
- red-light district
Readings
- Go-on: け (ke)←け (ke, historical)←くゑ (kwe, ancient)
- Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)←くわ (kwa, historical)
- Kun: はな (hana, 花, Jōyō)
- Nanori: あや (aya); はる (haru)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
花 |
はな Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
華 |
/pana/ → /fana/ → /hana/
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) はな [hànáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1]
- IPA(key): [ha̠na̠]
Audio (file)
- Kun’yomi
- (Osaka) はな [háꜜnà] (Atamadaka – [1])
- IPA(key): [ha̠na̠]
Noun
花 • (hana)
- a flower
- 1999 February 4, “火炎草 [Fire Grass]”, in Vol.1, Konami:
- 火山の近くに生息する草。花から火炎を吹き攻撃する。
- Kazan no chikaku ni seisoku suru kusa. Hana kara kaen o fuki kōgeki suru.
- A grass that grows near volcanoes. It breathes fire from its flowers.
- 火山の近くに生息する草。花から火炎を吹き攻撃する。
- 1999 March 1, “ダーク・プラント [Dark Plant]”, in BOOSTER 1, Konami:
- 汚染された土と闇の力で育てられた花。とても凶暴。
- Osen sareta tsuchi to yami no chikara de sodaterareta hana. Totemo kyōbō.
- A flower that grows from polluted soil and dark powers. It is very nasty.
- 汚染された土と闇の力で育てられた花。とても凶暴。
- 1999 May 25, “深淵に咲く花 [The Flower That Blooms in the Abyss]”, in BOOSTER 2, Konami:
- 光の届かない深淵にひっそりと咲く、あまり見かけない花。
- Hikari no todokanai shin'en ni hissori to saku, amari mikakenai hana.
- A rarely seen flower that silently blooms in the depths of the abyss where the sun never shines.
- 光の届かない深淵にひっそりと咲く、あまり見かけない花。
- 1999 July 5, “命ある花瓶 [Living Vase]”, in BOOSTER 3, Konami:
- 生けてある花から、花粉を飛ばし噛みついてくる生きている花瓶。
- Iketearu hana kara, kafun o tobashi kamitsuitekuru ikiteiru kabin.
- A living vase that bites and releases pollen from its living flowers.
- 生けてある花から、花粉を飛ばし噛みついてくる生きている花瓶。
- 花が咲く頃
- hana ga saku goro
- when the flowers bloom
-
- Short for 生け花 (ikebana): flower arrangement
- Short for 花札 (hanafuda): Japanese playing cards
- the best days of one's life
- the best thing
- essence
Compounds
- 生け花, 生花 (ikebana, “Japanese flower arranging”)
- 花暦 (hanagoyomi, “flower calendar”)
- 花園 (hanazono, “flower garden”)
- 花束 (hanataba, “bouquet”)
- 花茶 (hanacha, “flower tea”)
- 花火 (hanabi, “fireworks”)
- 花びら, 花弁 (hanabira, “flower petal”)
- 花見 (hanami, “flower viewing”)
- 花婿 (hanamuko, “bridegroom”)
- 花屋 (hanaya, “florist; flower shop”)
- 花嫁 (hanayome, “bride”)
- 花輪 (hanawa, “garland; wreath”)
- 火花 (hibana, “spark”, literally “fire flower”)
Descendants
- → Amis: hana
- → Yami: hana
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
花 |
か Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
Affix
花 • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?
- flower
- red-light district
Compounds
- 花被 (kahi, “perianth”)
- 紫陽花 (ajisai)
- 無花果 (ichijiku, “fig (tree)”)
- 桜花 (ōka, “cherry blossom”)
- 女郎花 (ominaeshi)
- 開花 (kaika, “flowering; blooming”)
- 花期 (kaki, “flowering season”)
- 燕子花 (kakitsubata)
- 花壇 (kadan, “flowerbed”)
- 花瓶 (kabin, “vase”)
- 花粉 (kafun, “pollen”)
- 花弁 (kaben, “petal”)
- 花蜜 (kamitsu, “nectar”)
- 花梨 (karin, “Pseudocydonia sinensis, Chinese quince”)
- 花櫚 (karin, “Pterocarpus indicus, Burmese rosewood”)
- 花車 (kyasha, “dainty, delicate, fragile”, literally “flower car”)
- 鏡花水月 (kyōka suigetsu, “metaphor for something that can be seen but not touched”, literally “flower in a mirror, moon in the water”)
- 山茶花 (sazanka)
- 石楠花 (shakunage, “one of several species of rhododendron native to east Asia”)
- 桃花 (tōka, “peach blossom”)
- 浪花 (Naniwa, “old name for Osaka”)
- 凌霄花 (nōzenkazura, “Campsis grandiflora, Chinese trumpet vine”)
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Kikai
Kanji
花
Readings
- Kun: ふぁな (fana)
Etymology
Cognate to Japanese 花 (はな, hana).
Noun
花 (hiragana ふぁな, rōmaji fana)
- flower
References
- “ふぁな【花】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 花 (MC hˠua).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 황 (Yale: hwà) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 곳 (Yale: kwòs) | 화 (Yale: hwà) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [화]
Hanja
Wikisource花 (eumhun 꽃 화 (kkot hwa))
- Hanja form? of 화 (“flower”). [affix]
Compounds
- 개화 (開花, gaehwa)
- 국화 (國花, gukhwa)
- 매화 (梅花, maehwa)
- 무궁화 (無窮花, mugunghwa)
- 생화 (生花, saenghwa)
- 연화 (蓮花, yeonhwa)
- 화단 (花壇, hwadan)
- 화목 (花木, hwamok)
- 화원 (花園, hwawon)
- 화전 (花煎, hwajeon)
- 화초 (花草, hwacho)
- 화투 (花鬪, hwatu)
- 화향 (花香, hwahyang)
- 화환 (花環, hwahwan)
- 화훼 (花卉, hwahwe)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.
Kunigami
Kanji
花
Readings
- Kun: ぱなー (phanā)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pʰanaː/
Noun
花 (hiragana ぱなー, rōmaji phanā)
- flower
Miyako
Kanji
花
Readings
- Kun: ぱな (pana)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pana/
Noun
花 (hiragana ぱな, rōmaji pana)
- flower
Okinawan
Kanji
(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Kun: はな (hana, 花); ふぁな (fana, 花)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
花 |
はな Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /hana/
Noun
花 (hiragana はな, rōmaji hana)
- (Shuri, Naha) flower
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
花 |
ふぁな Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Noun
花 (hiragana ふぁな, rōmaji fana)
- (Tancha) flower
References
- “ふぁな【花】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Vietnamese
Han character
花: Hán Việt readings: hoa (
花: Nôm readings: hoa[1][2][3][4], huê[1][3][4], oa[1], ba[2]
- chữ Hán form of hoa (“flower”).
Compounds
- 炮花 (pháo hoa)
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
Yaeyama
Kanji
花
Readings
- Kun: ぱな (pana)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pana/
Noun
花 (hiragana ぱな, rōmaji pana)
- flower
Yonaguni
Kanji
花
Readings
- Kun: はな (hana)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /hana/
Noun
花 (hiragana はな, rōmaji hana)
- flower