艱

See also: 艰

艱	U+8271, 艱 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8271

← 艰
[U+8270]

CJK Unified Ideographs

色 →
[U+8272]

Translingual

Han character

艱 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿人日女 (TOAV), four-corner 4753₂, composition ⿰𦰩艮)

References

KangXi: page 1013, character 29

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30600

Dae Jaweon: page 1473, character 2

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3171, character 5

Unihan data for U+8271

Chinese

trad.		艱
simp.		艰
alternative forms		𦫒囏𡆒𡿤

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
艱	*krɯːn
齦	kʰrɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼	*ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝	*ɡrɯːn
限	*ɡrɯːnʔ
硍	*ɡrɯːnʔ
豤	kʰɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪	ɡlɯːnʔ, kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根	*kɯːn
跟	*kɯːn
珢	kɯːn, kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮	*kɯːns
茛	*kɯːns
墾	*kʰɯːnʔ
懇	*kʰɯːnʔ
垠	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn
痕	*ɡɯːn
拫	*ɡɯːn
鞎	*ɡɯːn
很	*ɡɯːnʔ
恨	*ɡɯːns
銀	*ŋrɯn
檭	*ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *krɯːn) : semantic 𦰩 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân / kiên / kiân
Min Dong (BUC): găng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kan / kian
(Teochew, Peng'im): gang¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jian
  - Wade–Giles: chien¹
  - Yale: jyān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjɛn⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaan¹
  - Yale: gāan
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gan¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân / kiên
  - Hakka Romanization System: gan´ / gien´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gan¹ / gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴/, /ki̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân / kiân
  - Hakka Romanization System: gan´ / gian´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gan¹ / gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴/, /ki̯an²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan
  - Tâi-lô: kan
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kafn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
  - Tâi-lô: kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/

Note:

kan - literary;
kian - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: /kˠɛn/

Rime
Character	艱
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	山 (73)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古閑切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠɛn/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚæn/
Shao Rongfen	/kæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəɨn/
Li Rong	/kɛn/
Wang Li	/kæn/
Bernard Karlgren	/kăn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaan¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrə[r]/
(Zhengzhang): /*krɯːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	艱
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ kɛn ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁrə[r]/
English	difficulty
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	艱
Reading #	1/1
No.	3912
Phonetic component	艮
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	閒
Old Chinese	/*krɯːn/

Definitions

艱

difficult; hard
^† hardship; suffering
^† disaster
^† dangerous
^† parent's death

Compounds

丁內艱／丁内艰
丁外艱／丁外艰
丁艱／丁艰 (dīngjiān)
人艱不拆／人艰不拆 (rénjiānbùchāi)
備嘗艱苦／备尝艰苦
內艱／内艰
共體時艱／共体时艰
創業維艱／创业维艰
國困民艱／国困民艰
國步艱難／国步艰难
外艱／外艰
委重投艱／委重投艰
時艱／时艰 (shíjiān)

步履維艱／步履维艰 (bùlǚwéijiān)
歷盡艱辛／历尽艰辛 (lìjìnjiānxīn)
歷盡艱險／历尽艰险
涉艱履危／涉艰履危
物力維艱／物力维艰
稼穡艱難／稼穑艰难
維艱／维艰 (wéijiān)
舉步維艱／举步维艰 (jǔbùwéijiān)
艱危／艰危 (jiānwēi)
艱困／艰困
艱子／艰子
艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
艱深／艰深 (jiānshēn)

艱澀／艰涩 (jiānsè)
艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
艱苦卓絕／艰苦卓绝 (jiānkǔzhuójué)
艱苦奮鬥／艰苦奋斗 (jiānkǔfèndòu)
艱虞／艰虞
艱貞／艰贞
艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
艱險／艰险 (jiānxiǎn)
艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
艱難險阻／艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)
蒿目時艱／蒿目时艰
運拙時艱／运拙时艰
險阻艱難／险阻艰难

References

“艱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

艱

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings

Go-on: けん (ken)

Kan-on: かん (kan)

Kun: なやむ (nayamu, 艱む); かたい (katai, 艱い); なやみ (nayami)

Korean

Hanja

艱 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)

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Vietnamese

Han character

艱: Hán Nôm readings: gian

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