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单词 自然
释义

自然

Chinese

 
from; self; oneself
from; self; oneself; since
 
so; thus; like this
so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (自然)
simp. #(自然)

Etymology

Attested earliest in the Tao Te Ching:

  • 功成事遂,百姓皆謂:「我自然。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
    功成事遂,百姓皆谓:“我自然。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
    From: Tao Te Ching, 4th century BCE
    Gōngchéng shìsuì, bǎixìng jiē wèi: “Wǒ zìrán.” [Pinyin]
    When the work is completed and affairs succeeded, the common people say, "We are like this by ourselves."
  • 人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
    From: Tao Te Ching, 4th century BCE
    Rénfǎ dì, dìfǎ tiān, tiānfǎ dào, dàofǎ zìrán. [Pinyin]
    Man takes his law from the Earth; the Earth takes its law from Heaven; Heaven takes its law from the Dao. The law of the Dao is its being what it is.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): zìrán
    (Zhuyin): ㄗˋ ㄖㄢˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): зыжан (zɨřan, III-I)
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): zi6 jin4
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ-yèn / chhṳ-yàn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ci4 yan2
  • Min Bei (KCR): cù-ǐng
  • Min Dong (BUC): cê̤ṳ-iòng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): chū-liân / chīr-liân / chū-jiân / chī-liân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ze6 riang5
  • Wu (Wiktionary): zr zoe (T3)

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)
      • Hanyu Pinyin: zìrán → zìran (toneless final syllable variant)
      • Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄖㄢˊ → ㄗˋ ˙ㄖㄢ (toneless final syllable variant)
      • Tongyong Pinyin: zìhrån
      • Wade–Giles: tzŭ4-jan5
      • Yale: dz̀-ran
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyh.ran
      • Palladius: цзыжань (czyžanʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/ → /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʐän¹/
      • Homophones:
        [Show/Hide]
        edit
        edit
        自然
        自燃
Note: zìran - only when meaning "at ease".
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: зыжан (zɨřan, III-I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sz̩⁴⁴ ʐæ̃²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)
      • Jyutping: zi6 jin4
      • Yale: jih yìhn
      • Cantonese Pinyin: dzi6 jin4
      • Guangdong Romanization: ji6 yin4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡siː²² jiːn²¹/
      • Homophones:
        edit
        edit
        自然
        自燃
  • Hakka
    • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-yèn
      • Hakka Romanization System: cii ienˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ci4 yan2
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ i̯en¹¹/
    • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-yàn
      • Hakka Romanization System: cii (r)ianˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ci4 yan2
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ (j)i̯an¹¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ci4 yan2
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ian¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cù-ǐng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡su⁴² iŋ²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: cê̤ṳ-iòng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-liân
      • Tâi-lô: tsū-liân
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zuxlieen
      • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/
      • IPA (Taipei): /t͡su³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chīr-liân
      • Tâi-lô: tsīr-liân
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-jiân
      • Tâi-lô: tsū-jiân
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zuxjieen
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ d͡ʑiɛn¹³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su³³⁻²¹ ʑiɛn²³/
    • (Hokkien: Philippines)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chī-liân
      • Tâi-lô: tsī-liân
      • Phofsit Daibuun: cixlieen
      • IPA (Philippines): /t͡ɕi⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ze6 riang5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ̆ jiâng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: zr zoe (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /z̥z̩²² z̥ø⁴⁴/

  • Middle Chinese: /d͡ziɪH  ȵiᴇn/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/11/1
Initial () (15) (38)
Final () (15) (77)
Tone (調)Departing (H)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)OpenOpen
Division ()IIIIII
Fanqie疾二切如延切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/d͡ziɪH//ȵiᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun
/d͡ziH//ȵiɛn/
Shao
Rongfen
/d͡zjɪH//ȵʑjæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/d͡ziH//ȵian/
Li
Rong
/d͡ziH//ȵiɛn/
Wang
Li
/d͡ziH//ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/d͡zʱiH//ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
rán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zi6jin4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[b]i[t]-s  [n]a[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljids  njen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/21/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
rán
Middle
Chinese
‹ dzijH ›‹ nyen ›
Old
Chinese
/*s.[b]i[t]-s//*[n]a[n]/
Englishself (adv.)so, thus; (adv suffix)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/11/1
No.1787910756
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
12
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɦljids//*njen/

Noun

自然

  1. nature; the natural world
    愛護自然爱护自然   àihù zìrán   to cherish nature
    親近自然亲近自然   qīnjìn zìrán   to get close to nature

Synonyms

  • (nature): 自然界 (zìránjiè)

Adjective

自然

  1. natural; of or relating to nature
    自然美麗自然美丽   zìrán měilì   natural beauty
  2. natural; at ease; without strain

Usage notes

To describe things literally produced by nature, use the attributive 天然 (tiānrán) instead.

Synonyms

  • (of or relating to nature): 天然 (tiānrán)
  • (at ease): 樸素朴素 (pǔsù)

Adverb

自然

  1. naturally; in a natural manner
  2. naturally; of course; as a matter of course

Synonyms

  • (of course): 當然当然 (dāngrán), 固然 (gùrán), (Cantonese) 梗係梗系, (Cantonese) (shí), (Min Nan) 在勢在势

Conjunction

自然

  1. admittedly

Derived terms


Japanese

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
ぜん
Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • (Tokyo) ぜん [shìzéń] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [ɕizẽ̞ɴ]

Adjective

()(ぜん) (shizen) -na (adnominal ()(ぜん) (shizen na), adverbial ()(ぜん) (shizen ni))

  1. natural
  2. spontaneous

Inflection

Adverb

()(ぜん) (shizen) 

  1. naturally
  2. spontaneously
  3. rarely
  4. coincidentally

Noun

()(ぜん) (shizen) 

  1. nature
    • 2016 April 23, “(じゅう)(りょく)(へん)(よう) [Gravitational Shift]”, in エルドラージ覚醒 [Eldrazi Awakening], Wizards of the Coast:
      エルドラージは()()めると、ゼンディカーの()(ぜん)(せい)(りょく)(すべ)てに(たい)して(おのれ)()(はい)(ひたた)()らしめようとした。
      Erudorāji wa mezameru to, Zendikā no shizen no seiryoku subete ni taishite onore no shihai o hitatabi shirashimeyō to shita.
      As they awakened, the Eldrazi reasserted their mastery over all of Zendikar’s natural forces.
  2. spontaneity

See also

  • (てん)() (tenchi): heaven and earth
  • ()(ちゅう) (uchū): the universe
  • ()(かい) (sekai): the world
  • (ばん)(しょう) (banshō): all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature
  • (ばん)(ぶつ) (banbutsu): all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term

Noun

自然 (jayeon) (hangeul 자연)

  1. Hanja form? of 자연 (nature).

Okinawan

Etymology

  • Cognate with Japanese 自然 (shizen).

Noun

自然 (hiragana しじん, romaji shijin)

  1. nature

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term

Noun

自然

  1. chữ Hán form of tự nhiên (nature).

Adjective

自然

  1. chữ Hán form of tự nhiên (natural).

Adverb

自然

  1. chữ Hán form of tự nhiên (naturally).
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