肉
See also: 内
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Translingual
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Alternative forms
- ⺼ U+2EBC (when used as a left Chinese radical in compositions)
The left component form ⺼ looks very similar to ⺝, the left radical form of 月 (“moon”), and is often drawn identically in compounds. However they are etymologically distinct, and careful usage distinguishes the cross strokes, with ⺼ written with unattached diagonal strokes. This is particularly an issue in looking up characters by radical; compare 月 index and 肉 index.
The radical form ⺼ may also appear twisted to a diagonal, resembling 夕 with an added line, as in 祭, 然, and 將.
Han character
肉 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 人月人 (OBO), four-corner 40227, composition ⿵内人 or ⿻冂仌)
- Kangxi radical #130, ⾁.
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/肉
- 𪠼, 𢫭, 𭸆, 𨹌, 朒, 𣧻, 𧻣, 𩣀, 䯐, 𩶩, 𨛇, 𦧘, 𭑶, 𠒯, 𫻯, 𭃘, 𡱎, 𢩌, 𥭊, 𨿇, 𩬳, 𪗌, 瘸, 𤻚
- 將 (top right component)
- 祭 (top left component)
References
- KangXi: page 973, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29236
- Dae Jaweon: page 1424, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2931, character 1
- Unihan data for U+8089
Chinese
| simp. and trad. | 肉 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 宍 𥤬 𠕜 𡧢 𠕎 宍 𥤬 𠕜 𡧢 𠕎 𮌇 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 肉 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | Libian (compiled in Qing) | |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Clerical script |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (肉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 朒 | *nuɡ |
| 肉 | *njuɡ |
Pictogram (象形) – ribs of an animal’s torso or simply a physical representation of a slice of meat.
Etymology 1
Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *now (“tender; soft”), which has also been compared to 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft; flexible”), 揉 (OC *mju, “to knead”), 軟 (OC *njonʔ, “soft”), 弱 (OC *njewɢ, “weak”), 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “cowardly”), 荏 (OC *njɯmʔ, “weak”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nja-k (“meat, flesh”) (STEDT).
- "media"
- Back-formation from 生肉. See there for more.
Pronunciation
Definitions
肉
- meat; flesh
- 豬肉／猪肉 ― zhūròu ― pork
- 牛肉 ― niúròu ― beef
- 我從不吃肉。／我从不吃肉。 ― Wǒ cóngbù chī ròu. ― I never eat meat.
- 這種魚的肉異常鮮美。 [MSC, trad.]
- Zhè zhǒng yú de ròu yìcháng xiānměi. [Pinyin]
- The flesh of this kind of fish has exceptional delicacy.
这种鱼的肉异常鲜美。 [MSC, simp.]- 不久，鬣狗便可飽餐一頓這些死了的動物的肉。 [MSC, trad.]
- Bùjiǔ, liègǒu biànkě bǎocānyīdùn zhèxiē sǐ le de dòngwù de ròu. [Pinyin]
- Soon, the hyenas could then feast on the flesh of these dead animals.
不久，鬣狗便可饱餐一顿这些死了的动物的肉。 [MSC, simp.]
- 斷竹，續竹，飛土，逐宍 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 彈歌／弹歌
- duàn zhú, xù zhú, fēi tǔ, zhú ròu [Pinyin]
- cut the bamboo, tie the bamboo [weapon], let fly the mud [bullets], pursue the meat
断竹，续竹，飞土，逐宍 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (specifically) pork
- 肉三鮮的餃子／肉三鲜的饺子 ― ròusānxiān de jiǎozi ― three delicious ingredient pork dumpling
- 蒜薹炒肉 ― suàntái chǎo ròu ― garlic chive and pork stir-fry
- body
- 肉體／肉体 ― ròutǐ ― physical body
- flesh; pulp
- 這桃子肉味甜汁多。 [MSC, trad.]
- Zhè táozi ròu wèi tián zhī duō. [Pinyin]
- The flesh of the peach was sweet and juicy.
这桃子肉味甜汁多。 [MSC, simp.]
- (ACG) media; video
- 生肉 ― shēngròu ― raws (not fansubbed videos or clips)
- 熟肉 ― shúròu ― localized, subbed, or dubbed media
- 烤肉 ― kǎoròu ― localized, subbed, or dubbed media, with detailed effects
Compounds
Derived terms from 肉
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (肉):
- → Japanese: 肉 (niku)
- → Korean: 육(肉) (yuk)
- → Vietnamese: nhục (肉)
Pronunciation
Definitions
肉
- (archaic) edge; brim; an outer part of a ring-shaped object (such as coin or jade annulus)
- 肉倍好謂之璧 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Erya, 5th – 2nd century BCE
- ròu bèi hǎo wèi zhī bì [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
肉倍好谓之璧 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (archaic, of sound and music) rich; substantial
- 使其曲直繁瘠，廉肉節奏，足以感動人之善心而已矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Shǐ qí qūzhí fánjí, liánròu jiézòu, zúyǐ gǎndòng rén zhī shànxīn ér yǐyǐ. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
使其曲直繁瘠，廉肉节奏，足以感动人之善心而已矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (dialectal Mandarin) spongy; squashy; flabby
- 這西瓜瓤兒太肉了。 [MSC, trad.]
- Zhè xīguā rángr tài ròu le. [Pinyin]
- The pulp of this watermelon is too spongy.
这西瓜瓤儿太肉了。 [MSC, simp.]
- (dialectal Mandarin) slow; sluggish
- 這個人做事真肉。／这个人做事真肉。 ― Zhè ge rén zuòshì zhēn ròu. ― This person does everything sluggishly.
Compounds
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (肉):
- → Japanese: 肉 (jū)
- → Korean: 유(肉) (yu)
Etymology 3
| simp. and trad. | 肉 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 脈／脉 𬁲 | |
Unclear. Reminiscent of 脢 (OC *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs, “dorsal meat”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, it may be of substrate origin. Compare (Deng, 1994):
- Proto-Austronesian *SimaR (“grease; oil; fat”) > Amis simal;
- Proto-Tai *manᴬ (“grease; fat”) > Thai มัน (man);
- Malay gemuk (“fat”, adjective);
- Bunun masmuh (“fat”, adjective);
- Tsat maʔ˥˧ (“fat”, adjective).
Pronunciation
Definitions
肉 (Hokkien, Teochew)
- meat; flesh
- 豬肉／猪肉 [Hokkien] ― ti-bah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― pork
- 牛肉 [Hokkien] ― gû-bah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― beef
- (specifically) pork
- 肉骨 [Hokkien] ― bah-kut [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― pork ribs
- flesh; pulp
- 龍眼乾肉／龙眼干肉 [Hokkien] ― lêng-géng-koaⁿ bah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― flesh of dried longan
- main part of an object
- 刀肉 [Hokkien] ― to-bah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― blade of a knife or sword
Further reading
- “肉”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03288
- “Entry #2607”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
- (Cantonese) 粵音資料集叢
Japanese
Kanji
肉
(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)
- flesh, meat
Readings
- Go-on: にく (niku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: じく (jiku)
- Kun: しし (shishi, 肉)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 肉 |
| しし Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sisi. Not used in isolation in modern Japanese. Persists in compounds.
Cognate with 獣 (shishi, “beast, especially one used for meat”).
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) しし [shíꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
- IPA(key): [ɕiɕi]
Noun
肉 • (shishi)
- (obsolete) meat
- (obsolete) flesh, as of one's body
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 16, poem 3885); text here:
- 吾宍者 御奈麻須波夜志
- 我が肉はみ膾はやし
- wa ga shishi wa mi-namasu hayashi
- use my flesh for your side-dish
- wa ga shishi wa mi-namasu hayashi
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 16, poem 3885); text here:
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 肉合い (shishiai): how someone or something is fleshed out, one's build
- 肉置き (shishioki): how someone or something is fleshed out, one's build
- 肉付き (shishitsuki): how someone or something is fleshed out, one's build
- 肉付く (shishizuku): to become fatter, to become meatier; to make someone or something fatter or meatier
- 肉醤 (shishibishio): salted meat, salted fish; the salted and mummified body of an executed person, a practice of punishment carried out in ancient China
- 肉骨 (shishibone): bones from which the meat has been removed; a skeleton
- 肉叢 (shishimura): a cut or hunk of meat; the physical or corporeal body, the flesh
- 肉病 (shishiyami): (rare) obesity, a disease whereby the body becomes fat
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 肉 |
| にく Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 肉 (*njiuk). Compare modern Min Nan 肉 (jiok8) or Hakka 肉 (ngiuk7).
Alternative forms
- (honorific) お肉 (o-niku)
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) にく [nìkúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1]
- IPA(key): [ɲ̟ikɯ̟ᵝ]
Noun
肉 • (niku)
- meat, the muscle and fat tissue of an animal used as food
- the flesh of an animal
- the flesh of a fruit or vegetable
- one's body, as opposed to spirit
- the thickness of a thing
- 板の肉
- ita no niku
- the thickness of a board
- 板の肉
- (figurative) the flesh or meat of something, such as an idea, structure, or argument
- 議論に肉をつける
- giron ni niku o tsukeru
- to put some meat on an argument, to flesh out an argument
- 議論に肉をつける
- an ink pad, a stamp pad
- (theater, kabuki) short for 肉襦袢 (niku juban): flesh-toned undergarments worn by actors and shown when the character has to display their skin
Synonyms
- (fruit or vegetable flesh): 実 (mi)
- (body): 肉体 (nikutai)
- (thickness): 厚さ (atsusa), 太さ (futosa)
- (ink pad): 印肉 (inniku)
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 牛肉 (gyūniku): beef
- 狗肉 (kuniku): dog meat
- 鶏肉 (keiniku), 鶏肉 (toriniku): chicken (meat)
- 鯨肉 (geiniku): whale meat
- 鳥肉 (toriniku): meat of a bird, in particular meat of a chicken
- 肉交 (nikukō): sexual intercourse
- 筋肉 (kinniku): muscle
- 肉羹 (nikukō): meat broth
- 肉汁 (nikujū): meat broth; meat juice; gravy
- 肉漿 (nikushō): meat juice
- 肉饅 (nikuman): nikuman
- 肉饅頭 (nikumanjū): nikuman
- 肉類 (nikurui): a kind of meat, the sort of meat
- 馬肉 (baniku): horsemeat
- 豚肉 (butaniku), 豚肉 (tonniku): pork
- 挽肉 (hikiniku): minced meat, ground meat
- 羊肉 (yōniku): mutton
- すじ肉 (sujiniku)
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
肉 (eumhun 고기 육 (gogi yuk))
- Hanja form? of 육 (“meat, flesh”).
Vietnamese
Han character
肉: Hán Nôm readings: nhục[1], nậu, nhụ
- (only in compounds) chữ Hán form of nhục (“flesh”).
Derived terms
- 肉刑 (nhục hình)
- 肉慾 (nhục dục)
- 肉眼難知 (nhục nhãn nan tri)
- 肉豆蔻 (nhục đậu khấu)
- 肉體 (nhục thể)
- 苦肉計 (khổ nhục kế)
- 骨肉 (cốt nhục)
References
- Trần (1999).
- Dự án Từ điển tiếng Việt miễn phí