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单词 者
释义

者

者 U+8005, 者
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8005
← 耄
[U+8004]		CJK Unified Ideographs耆 →
[U+8006]

者 U+FA5B, 者
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA5B
← 署
[U+FA5A]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs臭 →
[U+FA5C]
者 U+FAB2, 者
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAB2
← 缾
[U+FAB1]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs荒 →
[U+FAB3]
者 U+2F97A, 者
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F97A
← 翺
[U+2F979]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement𦓚 →
[U+2F97B]

Translingual

Traditional 者
Simplified 者
Japanese 者
Korean 者
Stroke order
Stroke order

Alternative forms

  • In Korean hanja and occasionally in Japanese, an additional 丶 stroke is written at the bottom right corner of 耂 above 日, which is the historical form found in the Kangxi dictionary. In other regions, the additional 丶 stroke has been omitted.
  • Three CJK compatibility ideographs exist for this character:
    • U+FAB2: Alternative form used in North Korea without additional 丶 stroke below 耂.
    • U+FA5B: Japanese kyūjitai with additional 丶 stroke below 耂.
    • U+2F97A: Variant traditional form used in Taiwan with additional 丶 stroke below 耂.

Han character

者 (Kangxi radical 125, 老+4, 8 strokes in Chinese and Japanese, 9 strokes in Korean, cangjie input 十大日 (JKA), four-corner 44600, composition ⿱耂日(GHTJV or U+FAB2) or ⿱⿸耂丶日(K or U+FA5B or U+2F97A))

Derived characters

  • 偖, 啫, 堵, 媎, 帾, 㥩, 㨋, 渚, 𨔾, 陼, 暏, 楮, 𤌄, 琽, 禇, 䐗, 睹, 褚, 𣗓, 緖/緒(绪), 𦩳, 蝫, 觰, 諸(诸), 豬(猪), 賭(赌), 赭, 踷, 醏, 鍺(锗), 𤂩, 鯺, 𪃲, 䵭
  • 𪜕, 𠁂, 都, 𣂃, 斱, 殾, 覩, 䰩, 𪃙
  • 䎞, 乽, 煑, 煮, 㗯, 翥, 䡤, 䬡, 䘄
  • 奢, 屠, 著, 暑, 㸙, 瘏, 署, 箸, 闍(阇), 䰇
  • 䰞

Descendants

  • 𛂥, 𛂦 (Japanese hentaigana)

References

  • KangXi: page 961, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28852
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1409, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2780, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+8005
  • Unihan data for U+FA5B
  • Unihan data for U+FAB2
  • Unihan data for U+2F97A

Further reading

  • 者 on Wikidata.Wikidata

Chinese

simp. and trad.
者
alternative forms者 variant traditional form
⿱土⿸丿日
⿱圡⿸丿日

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 者
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scriptsClerical script
Characters in the same phonetic series (者) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
觰*rtaːʔ, *rtaː
諸*tjaː, *tja
者*tjaːʔ
堵*tjaːʔ, *taːʔ
赭*tjaːʔ
撦*l̥ʰjaːʔ
扯*tʰjaːʔ
闍*djaː, *taː
奢*hljaː
鍺*toːlʔ
都*taː
醏*taː
覩*taːʔ
睹*taːʔ
暏*taːʔ
賭*taːʔ
帾*taːʔ
楮*taːʔ, *tʰaʔ
屠*daː, *da
瘏*daː
廜*daː
鷵*daː
緒*ljaʔ
豬*ta
猪*ta
瀦*ta
藸*ta, *da
櫫*ta
褚*taʔ, *tʰaʔ
著*taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ
箸*tas, *das
儲*da
躇*da
櫧*tja
藷*tja, *djas
蠩*tja
煮*tjaʔ
渚*tjaʔ
煑*tjaʔ
陼*tjaʔ
翥*tjas
署*djas
薯*djas
曙*djas
書*hlja
暑*hjaʔ
鐯*taɡ
擆*taɡ
櫡*taɡ

Pictogram (象形) – a sugarcane with full leaves and stems, with a mouth under, the original character for either 煮 (OC *tjaʔ, “to boil”) or 蔗 (OC *tjaːɡs, “sugarcane”). Phonetically loaned for abstract meanings. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Top component 耂 is unrelated to 老 and 考.

The variant form with an additional 丶 stroke below 耂 is influenced by Shuowen, which considered 白 as the bottom component of 者.

《俗書刊誤》 considered 者 (without 丶) as a variant form, and 者 (with 丶) as the orthodox form.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): zhě (zhe3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җә (žə, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): ze2
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zie2
  • Gan (Wiktionary): za3
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chá
    (Meixian, Guangdong): za3
  • Jin (Wiktionary): ze2
  • Min Bei (KCR): ciǎ
  • Min Dong (BUC): ciā
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): chiá
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zia2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): tse (T2)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): zhe3
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: zhě
      • Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: jhě
      • Wade–Giles: chê3
      • Yale: jě
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jee
      • Palladius: чжэ (čžɛ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җә (žə, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂə²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: ze2
      • Yale: jé
      • Cantonese Pinyin: dze2
      • Guangdong Romanization: zé2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɛː³⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: zie2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡siɛ⁵⁵/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: za3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sa²¹³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chá
      • Hakka Romanization System: za`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: za3
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sa³¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: za3
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sa³¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: ze2
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sɤ⁵³/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ciǎ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sia²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: ciā
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sia³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Longyan, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiá
      • Tâi-lô: tsiá
      • Phofsit Daibuun: ciar
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡ɕia⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Hui'an): /t͡ɕia⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡ɕia⁵³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕia⁴¹/
      • IPA (Longyan): /t͡ɕia²¹/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: zia2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiá
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sia⁵²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: tse (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡se̞³⁴/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: zhe3
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂɤ̞⁴¹/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /t͡sɤ̞⁴¹/
  • Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕiaX/
Rime
Character者
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)章 (23)
Final (韻)麻 (100)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie章也切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/t͡ɕiaX/
Pan
Wuyun		/t͡ɕiaX/
Shao
Rongfen		/t͡ɕiaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ciaX/
Li
Rong		/t͡ɕiaX/
Wang
Li		/t͡ɕĭaX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/t͡ɕi̯aX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		zhě
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		ze2
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tAʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character者
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		zhě
Middle
Chinese		‹ tsyæX ›
Old
Chinese		/*tAʔ/
English(nominalizing particle)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character者
Reading #1/1
No.16960
Phonetic
component		者
Rime
group		魚
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		者
Old
Chinese		/*tjaːʔ/
Notes說文古旅聲。甲金文象足印小坎積水，
爲瀦初文，用詹鄞鑫說

Definitions

者

  1. (Classical Chinese) Used at the end of a command.
  2. (Classical Chinese) Used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term.
    • 君者，舟也。庶人者，水也。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
      From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
      Jūn zhě, zhōu yě. Shùrén zhě, shuǐ yě. [Pinyin]
      A ruler is like a boat and common people are like water.
  3. (literary or regional) this
  4. (agent suffix) -er; -ist; one who ...; person involved in; the things which ...
    記者／记者  ―  jìzhě  ―  journalist
    工作者  ―  gōngzuòzhě  ―  worker
    我父親總是說天助自助者。 [MSC, trad.]
    我父亲总是说天助自助者。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ fùqīn zǒngshì shuō tiān zhù zì zhù zhě. [Pinyin]
    My father always said that heaven helps those who help themselves.
    • 宋人有耕田者。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
      From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
      Sòng rén yǒu gēng tián zhě. [Pinyin]
      Among the citizens of the State of Song, there was one who was ploughing his field.
  5. Used after a number, "before" 前 (qián), or "after" 後／后 (hòu) to refer to something mentioned previously.
    前者  ―  qiánzhě  ―  the former
    後者／后者  ―  hòuzhě  ―  the latter
    如下三者任擇其一。 [MSC, trad.]
    如下三者任择其一。 [MSC, simp.]
    Rúxià sān zhě rèn zé qí yī. [Pinyin]
    There are three alternatives.
  6. a surname: Zhe

Compounds

Derived terms from 者

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (者):
  • → Japanese: 者(しゃ) (sha)
  • → Korean: 자(者) (ja)
  • → Vietnamese: giả (者)

References

  • “者”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03253

Japanese

Shinjitai者
Kyūjitai
[1]
者
&#xFA5B;
or
者+&#xFE00;?
者󠄁
者+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
者󠄃
者+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

者

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 者)

Readings

  • Go-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: しゃ (sha, Jōyō)
  • Kun: もの (mono, 者, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: ひさ (hisa); ひと (hito)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
者
もの
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
者 (kyūjitai)

⟨mo2no2⟩ → /mono/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[2] Theorized to derive from Proto-Japonic *mənə.

Cognate with 物 (mono, “thing”, physical as opposed to abstract).[2][3][4]

In ancient texts marked with pronunciation information, this character was always read as hito until around the late 800s, at which point the mono reading becomes prevalent.[2] The mono reading has historically often been used with mild pejorative overtones, as compared to the more neutral term 人 (hito).[2][3][4] This may suggest a broadening of the original “thing” sense for mono, which then was applied as a pejorative for a “person”.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) もの​ [mònóꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[3][5][6]
  • IPA(key): [mo̞no̞]

Noun

者(もの) • (mono) 

  1. person
    Synonym: 人 (hito)
Derived terms
  • 人(にん)気(き)者(もの) (ninkimono): popular person
  • 悪(わる)者(もの) (warumono): rascal, bad fellow
  • 臆(おく)病(びょう)者(もの) (okubyōmono): coward
  • 若(わか)者(もの) (wakamono): youth; youngster
  • 裏(うら)切(ぎ)り者(もの) (uragirimono): traitor; betrayer; turncoat

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
者
しゃ
Grade: 3
on’yomi
Alternative spelling
者 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 者 (MC t͡ɕiaX).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ɕa̠]

Suffix

者(しゃ) • (-sha) 

  1. someone of that type, someone who does that
    Synonym: (often not interchangeable) 人 (-jin)
Derived terms
  • 作(さく)者(しゃ) (sakusha): author; creator of a work
  • 利(り)用(よう)者(しゃ) (riyōsha): consumer
  • 勇(ゆう)者(しゃ) (yūsha): hero, brave person
  • 医(い)者(しゃ) (isha): doctor
  • 学(がく)者(しゃ) (gakusha): scholar
  • 忍(にん)者(じゃ) (ninja): ninja
  • 患(かん)者(じゃ) (kanja): patient
  • 愛国(あいこく)者(しゃ) (aikokusha): patriot
  • 愛読(あいどく)者(しゃ) (aidokusha): avid reader, book lover
  • 担当(たんとう)者(しゃ) (tantōsha): person in charge
  • 新聞(しんぶん)記(き)者(しゃ) (shinbun kisha): journalist
  • 歯医(はい)者(しゃ) (haisha): dentist
  • 芸(げい)者(しゃ) (geisha), 芸者(げいじゃ) (geija): geisha
  • 著(ちょ)者(しゃ) (chosha): author
  • 被(ひ)害(がい)者(しゃ) (higaisha): victim
  • 記(き)者(しゃ) (kisha): reporter; journalist
  • 配偶(はいぐう)者(しゃ) (haigūsha): spouse

See also

  • 家(や) (-ya)
  • 手(しゅ) (-shu)
  • Japanese terms suffixed with 者

References

  1. “者”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023
  2. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  5. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  6. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

者 (eumhun 놈 자 (nom ja))

  1. Hanja form? of 자 (“person”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
者

Han character

者: Hán Việt readings: giả[1][2][3]
者: Nôm readings: trả[2][3][4], giả[1][2], giã[1][2], giở[1], rả[1], dở[2], dã[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of giả (“-er; -ist; one who...”).

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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