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单词
释义

See also:
U+8001, 老
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8001
耀
[U+8000]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8002]
U+2F7C, ⽼
KANGXI RADICAL OLD

[U+2F7B]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F7D]
U+F934, 老
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F934

[U+F933]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F935]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 125, 老+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 十大心 (JKP), four-corner 44711, composition ⿱耂匕)

  1. Kangxi radical #125, .

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/老
  • 佬, 咾, 𡋎, 姥, 峔, 𢂢, 恅, 㧯, 㳣, 狫, 𫐥, 栳, 珯, 𦚱, 𥙕, 𤶁, 𬑑, 硓, 𥞠, 粩, 𮋨, 𦕳, 蛯, 𭈱, 𧻩, 𨀼, 𨈺, 𨠬, 𫦶, 銠(铑), 𭕮, 鮱
  • 𣭢, 𦓜, 䳓, 㐗, 㖈, 𪸦, 𣴐, 𭾀, 𨚻, 𮧹, 𪀧, 𭓮, 𡶰, 荖, 𪰚, 𥥧, 䇭, 𮫃, 𬴖, 𧂕, 𨴛

References

  • KangXi: page 960, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28842
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1407, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2778, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8001
  • Unihan data for U+F934

Chinese

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms𠄰
𦒳
𠈣

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)Libian (compiled in Qing)Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scriptsClerical scriptMing typeface

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (man) + (hair) + (cane) – a man with long hair (an old man), leaning on a cane. Compare top component to (OC *qʰruːs).

Cognate to (OC *kʰluːʔ); the most commonly cited example of 轉注 (“reciprocal meaning”).

Etymology

Unknown. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-raw (withered, residue, corpse), *rwat (stiff, tough), whence Burmese ရော် (rau, wither, become overripe; age), ရွတ် (rwat, old, stiff, tough). See also (), ().

An old Sino-Vietnamese borrowing is rệu (overripe, pulpy).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): lǎo (lao3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄠˇ
    (Chengdu, SP): nao3
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ло (lo, II)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): lou5
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lau2
  • Gan (Wiktionary): lau3 / lau1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS):
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lau3
  • Jin (Wiktionary): lau2
  • Min Bei (KCR): sē / la̿u / lo̤̿ / lǎu
  • Min Dong (BUC): lâu / lō̤
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): lāu / lǎu / láu / làu / lǎ / ló / ló͘ / nó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lao6 / lao2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): lau (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): lau3

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: lǎo
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: lǎo
      • Wade–Giles: lao3
      • Yale: lǎu
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lao
      • Palladius: лао (lao)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: nao3
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lao
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nau⁵³/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ло (lo, II)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɔ⁵¹/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: lou5
      • Yale: lóuh
      • Cantonese Pinyin: lou5
      • Guangdong Romanization: lou5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lou̯¹³/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lau2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lau⁵⁵/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: lau3 / lau1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lau²¹³/, /lau⁴²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:
      • Hakka Romanization System: lo`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: lo3
      • Sinological IPA: /lo³¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: lau3
      • Sinological IPA: /lau³¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: lau2
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /lau⁵³/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sē / la̿u / lo̤̿ / lǎu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /se⁵⁵/, /lau³³/, /lɔ³³/, /lau²¹/
Note:
  • sē, la̿u, lo̤̿ - vernacular;
  • lǎu - literary.
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: lâu / lō̤
      • Sinological IPA (key): /l̃ɑu²⁴²/, /l̃o³³/
Note:
  • lâu - vernacular;
  • lō̤ - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lāu
      • Tâi-lô: lāu
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lau
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lau³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lau²²/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǎu
      • Tâi-lô: lǎu
      • IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /lau³³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /lau²²/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: láu
      • Tâi-lô: láu
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lao
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /lau⁵³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lau⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lau⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: làu
      • Tâi-lô: làu
      • Phofsit Daibuun: laux
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /lau⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /la²²/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • Phofsit Daibuun: loir
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɤ⁴¹/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /lo⁵³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
      • Tâi-lô: lóo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lor
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nó͘
      • Tâi-lô: nóo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: nor
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /nɔ̃⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Taipei): /nɔ̃⁵³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /nɔ̃⁴¹/
Note:
  • lāu/lǎu - vernacular;
  • láu - vernacular (sometimes considered literary);
  • làu - vernacular (limited, e.g. 老闆);
  • lǎ - vernacular (limited, e.g. 老鶚);
  • ló/ló͘/nó͘ - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: lao6 / lao2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lău / láu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lau³⁵/, /lau⁵²/
Note:
  • lao6 - vernacular;
  • lao2 - literary.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: lau (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɔ²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: lau3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɒu⁴¹/

  • Middle Chinese: /lɑuX/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/1
Initial () (37)
Final () (89)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()I
Fanqie盧晧切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/lɑuX/
Pan
Wuyun
/lɑuX/
Shao
Rongfen
/lɑuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/lawX/
Li
Rong
/lɑuX/
Wang
Li
/lɑuX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/lɑuX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
lǎo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
lou5
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤuʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ruːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
lǎo
Middle
Chinese
‹ lawX ›
Old
Chinese
/*C.rˁuʔ/
Englishold

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/1
No.7666
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ruːʔ/

Definitions

  1. old; aged; elderly
    Antonyms: (yòu), (shǎo)
       lǎoshù   old tree
    婦人妇人   lǎo fùrén   old woman
    了記憶力就差了。 [MSC, trad.]
    了记忆力就差了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Rén lǎo le jìyìlì jiù chā le. [Pinyin]
    One's memory worsens when age increases.
  2. old (as opposed to new); of long standing
    Antonym: (xīn)
       lǎo   old song
    朋友   lǎopéngyǒu   old friend
  3. outdated; old-fashioned
  4. original; former
    地方   lǎo dìfāng   usual place
    本行   lǎo běnháng   original profession
  5. the elderly; one's elders
       jìnglǎo   to respect the elderly
    • 老吾,以及人之 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
      From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
      Lǎo wú lǎo, yǐjí rén zhī lǎo. [Pinyin]
      Respect my elders, and then others' elders.
  6. Used after the surname of an old person to address a venerable old person
       Wáng lǎo   revered old Wang
  7. (figurative) experienced
    Antonym: (nèn)
       lǎoshǒu   an old hand
       lǎobīng   veteran
    • 樊遲請學稼,子曰:「吾不如農。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      樊迟请学稼,子曰:“吾不如农。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Fán Chí qǐng xué jià, Zǐ yuē: “Wú bùrú lǎonóng.” [Pinyin]
      Fan Chi asked (Confucius) to teach him husbandry. The Master said, "I'm nowhere as good as an experienced farmhand."
  8. (literary) to respect (the elderly, one's elders)
    • 吾老,以及人之老。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
      From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
      Lǎo wú lǎo, yǐjí rén zhī lǎo. [Pinyin]
      Respect my elders, and then others' elders.
  9. (of cooked food) overcooked; tough; stringy; hard
    牛排太了,我咬不動它。 [MSC, trad.]
    牛排太了,我咬不动它。 [MSC, simp.]
    Niúpái tài lǎo le, wǒ yǎo bù dòng tā. [Pinyin]
    The steak was so tough I couldn't eat it.
    這雞蛋煮了,你沒掌握好火候。 [MSC, trad.]
    这鸡蛋煮了,你没掌握好火候。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè jīdàn zhǔ lǎo le, nǐ méi zhǎngwò hǎo huǒhòu. [Pinyin]
    This egg is hard; you didn't time it properly.
  10. (of food or potable liquids) stale; not fresh
  11. always; all the time
    你別這樣!你别这样!   Nǐ bié lǎo zhèyàng!   Stop being always like this!
  12. (chiefly dialectal) very; quite
       lǎozǎo   very early
    他人好了。   Tā rén lǎo hǎo le.   He is such a nice person! [colloquial, somewhat regional]
    看到儂真個開心。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    看到侬真个开心。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    [kʰø³³ tɔ⁴⁴ nʊŋ²³ t͡səɲ⁵⁵ ɡ̊əʔ²¹ lɔ²³ kʰe̞⁵⁵ ɕɪɲ²¹] [IPA]
    I am really happy to see you.
  13. (euphemistic, of an elderly person) to die; to pass away (usually with (le))
  14. (endearing, respectful) Used before surnames to refer to heads or elder members of families.
    (xiǎo) (for younger people)
    張馬上來了,我得趕緊收拾一下屋子。 [MSC, trad.]
    张马上来了,我得赶紧收拾一下屋子。 [MSC, simp.]
    Lǎo Zhāng mǎshàng lái le, wǒ děi gǎnjǐn shōushí yī xià wū zǐ. [Pinyin]
    Old Zhang is going to be here any minute. I need to hurry up and straighten the room up a bit.
  15. (usually respectful and endearing) Used by analogy in several other relationship terms.
       lǎoshī   teacher
       lǎo   wifey
       lǎogōng   hubby
  16. (obsolete, originally honorific) Prefix for animals or people considered senior, fierce, and often awe-inspiring.
       lǎoyīng   eagle
       lǎo   tiger
       lǎoshǔ   mouse, rat; (obsolete) bat
       lǎoláng   (rare) elder and experienced wolf
       lǎomāo   (rare) elder (potentially annoying) cat
    狐狸   lǎohúlí   (surviving usage) elder, cunning and experienced fox
    傢夥家伙   lǎojiāhuǒ   (please add an English translation of this example)
    東西东西   lǎodōngxī   (please add an English translation of this example)
    雜碎杂碎   lǎozásuì   (please add an English translation of this example)
  17. (colloquial) Used before nouns, especially names of ethnicities, places and countries, to form nouns.
       lǎowài   foreigner; (pejorative) layman, one who lacks knowledge of a subject
       lǎoměi   Yank
       lǎobiǎo   a friend (direct speech, may be intimate or offensive depending on provinces)
    毛子   lǎomáozi   (pejorative) Russian person
    蒙古   lǎoménggǔ   (pejorative) Mongols
    北京   lǎoběijīng   indigenous Beijing person
    山東山东   lǎoshāndōng   indigenous Shandong person
    西兒西儿   lǎoxīr   (affectionate) Shanxi person
    回回   lǎohuíhuí   Hui person (affectionate in some cases, pejorative in other cases, never neutral, depend on the region, speaker, listener situation and speaking mood)
  18. Short for 老子 (Lǎozǐ, “Laozi; Lao Tzu”).
  19. (Mainland China, Hong Kong) Short for 老撾老挝 (Lǎowō, “Laos”).

Synonyms

  • (old):
edit
  • 下架 (Xiang)
  • 垂老 (chuílǎo) (literary)
  • 年歲大 (niánsuì dà)
  • 年紀大/年纪大 (niánjì dà)
  • 年老 (niánlǎo)
  • 老大 (lǎodà) (literary)
  • 衰老 (shuāilǎo) (senile)
  • 年長年长 (niánzhǎng)
  • 老邁老迈 (lǎomài) (senile)
  • 蒼老苍老 (cānglǎo)
  • (very):
  • (to die):

Antonyms

  • (old): (nèn), (yòu)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Korean: /노(老) (ro/no)
  • Vietnamese: lão ()

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03251

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. old age, an elderly person, the aged, the elderly

Readings

  • Go-on: ろう (, Jōyō)らう (rau, historical)
  • Kan-on: ろう (, Jōyō)らう (rau, historical)
  • Kun: おいる (oiru, 老いる, Jōyō); ふける (fukeru, 老ける, Jōyō); おい (oi)
  • Nanori: えび (ebi); おい (oi); (bi)

Compounds


Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC lɑuX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448로ᇢ〯 (Yale: lwǒw)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527늘글〮 (Yale: nùlkúl)로〯 (Yale: lwŏ)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɾo̞(ː)] ~ [no̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

(eumhun 늙을 로 (neulgeul ro), South Korea 늙을 노 (neulgeul no))

  1. Hanja form? of / (old). [affix; suffix]

Compounds


Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: lão[1][2][3]
: Nôm readings: lảo[1][3][4], lảu[1][3][4], lão[1][2], lẽo[1][3], láu[3][4], rảu[3][4], láo[1], lạo[1], não[1], rau[1], sáu[1], lểu[2], lếu[3], lẩu[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of lão (old; aged).

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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