羌

See also: 羗

羌	U+7F8C, 羌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7F8C

← 羋
[U+7F8B]

CJK Unified Ideographs

羍 →
[U+7F8D]

Translingual

Han character

羌 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+2 in traditional Chinese, 羊+1 in simplified Chinese, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese, 7 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 廿土竹山 (TGHU) or 廿手山 (TQU), four-corner 8021₁, composition ⿸⺶乚(G) or ⿱𦍌儿(HTJK))

Derived characters

𠊡, 唴, 㛨, 𭘤, 𫹕, 𢮲, 𬁿, 𪲞, 㳾, 猐, 琷, 𥇉, 𥓌, 蜣, 錓, 𩸑, 𪁸, 𡝸, 𢒘, 𢻐, 𠒤, 𠻁, 𬝆, 𦍑, 羗, 𪉬, 𡬎

References

KangXi: page 951, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28429
Dae Jaweon: page 1393, character 11
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3125, character 3
Unihan data for U+7F8C

Chinese

trad.		羌
simp. ^#		羌
alternative forms		羗／羌𦍑猐𠒌𡸓羗／羌𦍑猐𠒌𡸓𡹽𡺛𦍎

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (羊) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
样	ʔslaːŋ, laŋ
佯	zlaŋ, laŋ
詳	ljaŋ, laŋ
洋	ljaŋ, laŋ
翔	*ljaŋ
庠	*ljaŋ
祥	*ljaŋ
痒	ljaŋ, laŋʔ
姜	*klaŋ
羌	*kʰlaŋ
蜣	*kʰlaŋ
猐	*kʰlaŋ
唴	*kʰlaŋs
羊	*laŋ
徉	*laŋ
烊	*laŋ
蛘	laŋ, laŋʔ
眻	laŋ, laŋs
鴹	*laŋ
恙	*laŋs
羕	*laŋs
樣	*laŋs
漾	*laŋs

Etymology

Unclear.

Pulleyblank (1983) suggests a derivation from 羊 (OC *laŋ).

Schuessler (2007) prefers to relate it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-klawŋ (“to guard; to herd; to tend (cattle); to graze; to be at leisure”), whence Tibetan སྐྱོང (skyong, “to guard; to nurture; to keep; to care for”), Asho Chin klóng (“to herd; to graze”), Burmese ကျောင်း (kyaung:, “to feed; to tend (cattle)”); then 羌 means "herders". Compare 養 (OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs, “to raise; to nourish”).

Beckwith (2009) proposes a possible Indo-European origin; compare Tocharian B klank- (“to ride; to go by chariot”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiāng (qiang¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤ
Cantonese (Jyutping): goeng¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiông
Min Nan (POJ): kiuⁿ / kioⁿ / khiong / khiang / kiong

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciang
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiang¹
  - Yale: chyāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiang
  - Palladius: цян (cjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰjɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: goeng¹
  - Yale: gēung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: goeng¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gêng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœːŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiông
  - Hakka Romanization System: giong´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯oŋ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiuⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiunn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kviw
  - IPA (Lukang): /kiũ³³/
  - IPA (Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen): /kiũ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kioⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kionn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvioy
  - IPA (Tainan): /kiɔ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiong
  - Tâi-lô: khiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiang
  - Tâi-lô: khiang
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiafng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiaŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiong
  - Tâi-lô: kiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiofng
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: /kʰɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去羊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	koeng¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰaŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ khjang ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰaŋ/
English	western tribes
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
No.	14531
Phonetic component	羊
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	羌
Old Chinese	/*kʰlaŋ/

Definitions

羌

(～族, ～人) Qiang people
Name of a historical tribe in ancient China.
muntjac (species of deer)
山羌 ― shānqiāng ― Reeves's muntjac
(obsolete) Meaningless sentence-initial particle, often used in the Chuci.
a surname

Compounds

婼羌 (Ruòqiāng)
山羌 (shānqiāng)
氐羌
羌人 (Qiāngrén)
羌塘 (Qiāngtáng)
羌帖
羌戎

羌族 (Qiāngzú)
羌活 (qiānghuó)
羌笛 (qiāngdí)
羌管
若羌 (Ruòqiāng)
西羌

阿羌 (Āqiāng)
羌家壪／羌家塆 (Qiāngjiāwān)
羌無故實／羌无故实
羌語／羌语
羌鷲／羌鹫 (qiāngjiù)
葉爾羌／叶尔羌 (Yè'ěrqiāng)

Japanese

Kanji

羌

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings

Go-on: こう (kō)
Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
Kun: えびす (ebisu, 羌); あう (au)
Nanori: あきら (akira); すすむ (susumu)

Korean

Hanja

羌 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang, Yale kang)

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Vietnamese

Han character

羌: Hán Nôm readings: cưng, gừng, khương

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