算

See also: 祘

算	U+7B97, 算 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B97

← 箖
[U+7B96]

CJK Unified Ideographs

箘 →
[U+7B98]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

算 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹月山廿 (HBUT), four-corner 8844₆, composition ⿱𥫗𥃲 or ⿱𥬥廾)

Derived characters

㔍匴

References

KangXi: page 888, character 3

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26146

Dae Jaweon: page 1315, character 23

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2981, character 8

Unihan data for U+7B97

Chinese

trad.		算
simp. ^#		算
2nd round simp.		祘
alternative forms		筭祘𮅕

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 算
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (算) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
纂	*ʔsloːnʔ
繤	*ʔsloːnʔ
算	sloːnʔ, sloːns
匴	*sloːnʔ
篹	*sloːnʔ
篡	*sʰroːns
攥	*ʔsloːd

In current form, 竹 (“bamboo”) + 目 + 廾.

The 目 portion may have originally represented counting rods (or possibly an abacus, although the character is believed to predate its invention). Such rods were typically made from bamboo.

Etymology

It has been compared with Tibetan གཤོར (gshor, “to count, to measure, to weigh”) by Gong (1995).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): suàn (suan⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄢˋ
(Chengdu, SP): suan⁴
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): суан (suan, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): syun³
(Taishan, Wiktionary): lhon¹
Gan (Wiktionary): son⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): son
(Meixian, Guangdong): son⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): suan³
Min Bei (KCR): so̤̿ng
Min Dong (BUC): sáung
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): sǹg / sùiⁿ / sìⁿ / soàn
(Teochew, Peng'im): seng³ / suang³
Wu (Wiktionary): soe (T2)
Xiang (Wiktionary): sonn⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: suàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: suàn
  - Wade–Giles: suan⁴
  - Yale: swàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suann
  - Palladius: суань (suanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /swän⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: suan⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: suan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suan²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: суан (suan, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suæ̃⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: syun³
  - Yale: syun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: syn³
  - Guangdong Romanization: xun³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʃyːn³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lhon¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬᵘɔn³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɵn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: son
  - Hakka Romanization System: son
  - Hagfa Pinyim: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /son⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /sɔn⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: suan³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /suæ̃⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: so̤̿ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sáung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑuŋ²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Changtai, Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǹg
  - Tâi-lô: sǹg
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sngx
  - IPA (Nan'an, Lukang): /sŋ̍³¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sŋ̍¹¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Hui'an, Changtai, Tainan, Kaohsiung): /sŋ̍²¹/
  - IPA (Kinmen): /sŋ̍¹²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sŋ̍⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Yilan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sùiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: suìnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svuix
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan): /suĩ²¹/
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /suĩ¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sìⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: sìnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svix
  - IPA (Longyan): /ɕĩ²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Changtai, Zhangpu, Longyan, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soàn
  - Tâi-lô: suàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soaxn
  - IPA (Nan'an): /suan³¹/
  - IPA (Longyan): /suan²¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Hui'an, Changtai, Kaohsiung): /suan²¹/
  - IPA (Zhangpu, Taipei): /suan¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /suan⁴¹/

Note:

sǹg/sùiⁿ - colloquial;
soàn - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: seng³ / suang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ̀ng / suàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ²¹³/, /suaŋ²¹³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: soe (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sø³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: sonn⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sõ⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 算
Mandarin	Beijing	/suan⁵¹/
	Harbin	/suan⁵³/
	Tianjin	/suan⁵³/
	Jinan	/suã²¹/
	Qingdao	/suã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/suan³¹²/
	Xi'an	/suã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/suã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/suan¹³/ ～術 /suan⁵³/ ～了
	Lanzhou	/suɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/suan²¹³/
	Wuhan	/san³⁵/
	Chengdu	/suan¹³/
	Guiyang	/suan²¹³/
	Kunming	/suã̠²¹²/
	Nanjing	/suaŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/sʊ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/suæ̃⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/suɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/suæ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/sø³⁵/
	Suzhou	/sø⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/sz̩ʷõ⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/sø⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/so³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/suːə⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/sõ⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/sɔn⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɵn⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/son⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/son⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/syn³³/
	Nanning	/ɬyn³³/
	Hong Kong	/syn³³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/suan²¹/ /sŋ̍²¹/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/sɔuŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/sɔŋ³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/suaŋ²¹³/ /sɯŋ²¹³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/suaŋ²³/ /tui³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /suɑn^X/

Rime
Character	算
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	蘇管切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/suɑn^X/
Pan Wuyun	/sʷɑn^X/
Shao Rongfen	/suɑn^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/swan^X/
Li Rong	/suɑn^X/
Wang Li	/suɑn^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/suɑn^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	suǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	syun²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤorʔ-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*sloːnʔ/, /*sloːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	算
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	suàn
Middle Chinese	‹ swan^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁorʔ-s/
English	calculate; tally
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	算	算
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	12137	12140
Phonetic component	算	算
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	算	筭
Old Chinese	/*sloːnʔ/	/*sloːns/

Definitions

算

to count; to calculate; to figure
to plan; to arrange; to design
to guess; to estimate; to approximate
to regard as; to consider
to count; to be of significance
to let it pass; to give up
finally; eventually
Alternative form of 筭 (suàn, “ancient device for counting numbers”).
(Guanzhong, Mandarin) while
伢算說算笑／伢算说算笑 [Guanzhong Mandarin] ― niǎ suān shě suān xiāo [Pinyin] ― He speaks as he laughs
(Hong Kong) ratio between two currencies, expressed with only the first significant figure
日元兌港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, trad.]
日元兑港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, simp.]
jat⁶ jyun⁴ deoi³ gong² jyun⁴ dit³ cyun¹ luk⁶ syun³. [Jyutping]
The exchange rate between Japanese Yen and Hong Kong Dollars has dropped below the ratio of 1 JPY to 0.06 HKD [literally: …below the ratio of 6.]

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 算 (“to calculate”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		算, 計算, 計數
Mandarin	Taiwan	算
	Yantai (Muping)	算
	Wanrong	算
	Xi'an	算
	Ürümqi	算
	Guilin	算
	Yangzhou	算
	Malaysia	算
	Singapore	算
Cantonese	Guangzhou	計
	Hong Kong	計
	Taishan	計
	Dongguan	計
	Singapore (Guangfu)	計
Gan	Nanchang	算
Gan	Lichuan	算
Hakka	Meixian	算
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	算
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	算
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	算
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	算
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	算
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	算
	Kuching (Hepo)	算
Huizhou	Jixi	算
Min Dong	Fuzhou	算
Min Nan	Tainan	算
	Singapore (Hokkien)	算
	Shantou	算
	Singapore (Teochew)	算
Wu	Shanghai	算
Wu	Jinhua	算

Compounds

Derived terms from 算

上算 (shàngsuàn)
不上算
不合算
不是算
不算 (bùsuàn)
估算 (gūsuàn)
何足算
作算
匡算 (kuāngsuàn)
卜算
合算 (hésuàn)
同文算指
天算
失算 (shīsuàn)
妙算 (miàosuàn)
宸算
就算 (jiùsuàn)
屈指一算 (qūzhǐyīsuàn)
布算
心算 (xīnsuàn)
成算 (chéngsuàn)
所算
打算 (dǎsuàn)
折算
拍算 (“phah-sǹg”)
掐指一算
掐算
推算 (tuīsuàn)
料算
星算
智算
暗算 (ànsuàn)
核算 (hésuàn)
概算 (gàisuàn)
法算
清算 (qīngsuàn)
演算 (yǎnsuàn)
照算
珠算 (zhūsuàn)
神算 (shénsuàn)
算上
算不了
算不得
算了 (suànle)
算博士
算卦 (suànguà)
算命 (suànmìng)
算命先生 (suànmìng xiānsheng)
算器
算子 (suànzǐ)
算式
算得 (suàndé)
算是 (suànshì)

算法 (suànfǎ)
通算 (tōngsuàn)
默算
不划算
准算
划算 (huásuàn)
不算什麼／不算什么
不算數／不算数 (bùsuànshù)
九章算術／九章算术
二元運算／二元运算
勝算／胜算 (shèngsuàn)
周髀算經／周髀算经
單一預算／单一预算
單式預算／单式预算
四則運算／四则运算
基本運算／基本运算
如意算盤／如意算盘 (rúyìsuànpán)
小算盤／小算盘 (xiǎosuànpan)
巴前算後／巴前算后
年度預算／年度预算
思前算後／思前算后
打小算盤／打小算盘
打打算盤／打打算盘
打算盤／打算盘 (dǎ suànpán)
打細算盤／打细算盘
打鐵算盤／打铁算盘
投資預算／投资预算
持籌握算／持筹握算
換算／换算 (huànsuàn)
撥算盤／拨算盘
新法算書／新法算书
決算／决算 (juésuàn)
沒算數／没算数
沒算當／没算当
沒算盤／没算盘
減算／减算
滿打滿算／满打满算
滿打算／满打算
演算法則／演算法则
玄機妙算／玄机妙算
玄謀廟算／玄谋庙算
盤算／盘算 (pánsuan)
神機妙算／神机妙算 (shénjīmiàosuàn)
神算妙計／神算妙计
秋後算帳／秋后算帐 (qiūhòusuànzhàng)
穩操勝算／稳操胜算
筆算／笔算 (bǐsuàn)
算什麼／算什么
算來／算来
算來算去／算来算去
算學／算学 (suànxué)
算帳／算帐 (suànzhàng)

算數／算数 (suànshù)
算曆／算历
算無遺策／算无遗策 (suànwúyícè)
算盤／算盘 (suànpán)
算盤子兒／算盘子儿 (suànpánzǐr)
算盤珠／算盘珠 (suànpánzhū)
算籌／算筹 (suànchóu)
算總帳／算总帐
算舊帳／算旧帐
算術／算术 (suànshù)
算術和／算术和
算術級數／算术级数
算計／算计 (suànjì)
算計兒／算计儿
算起來／算起来
算題／算题
算髮／算发
算𣍐和／算𫧃和 (sǹg-bē-hô)
籌算／筹算 (chóusuàn)
精打細算／精打细算 (jīngdǎxìsuàn)
精算師／精算师 (jīngsuànshī)
細算／细算
結算／结算 (jiésuàn)
經濟核算／经济核算 (jīngjì hésuàn)
總算／总算 (zǒngsuàn)
總預算／总预算
老謀深算／老谋深算 (lǎomóushēnsuàn)
複利計算／复利计算
計算／计算 (jìsuàn)
計算器／计算器 (jìsuànqì)
計算尺／计算尺 (jìsuànchǐ)
計算機／计算机 (jìsuànjī)
說話算話／说话算话
課算／课算
謀算／谋算
赤字預算／赤字预算
追加預算／追加预算
運算／运算 (yùnsuàn)
運算符號／运算符号
邏輯運算／逻辑运算
鐵算盤／铁算盘
長算／长算
長算遠略／长算远略
關係運算／关系运算
零基預算／零基预算
電算器／电算器
電算機／电算机 (diànsuànjī)
預算／预算 (yùsuàn)
驗算／验算 (yànsuàn)
鬼算盤／鬼算盘
鶴算龜齡／鹤算龟龄
龜齡鶴算／龟龄鹤算

Descendants

→ Lü: ᦉᦸᧃᧈ (ṡoan¹)

References

“算”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

算

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Counting, calculation

Readings

Go-on: さん (san, Jōyō); せん (sen)
Kan-on: さん (san, Jōyō); せん (sen)
Kan’yō-on: そん (son)
Kun: かぞえる (kazoeru, 算える); かず (kazu, 算)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 算 (MC suɑn^X).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	솬〯 (Yale: swǎn)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	혤〯 (Yale: hyěyl)	산〯 (Yale: sǎn)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰa̠(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul: [산(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource算 (eumhun 셈 산 (sem san))

Hanja form^? of 산 (“to count; to calculate”).

Compounds

결산 (決算, gyeolsan)
계산 (計算, gyesan)
산법 (算法, sanbeop)
산수 (算數, sansu)
산식 (算式, sansik)
산입 (算入, sanip)
산정 (算定, sanjeong)
산출 (算出, sanchul)
산판 (算板, sanpan)
예산 (豫算, yesan)
오산 (誤算, osan)
전산 (電算, jeonsan)
청산 (淸算, cheongsan)
추산 (推算, chusan)
합산 (合算, hapsan)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

算: Hán Nôm readings: toán, toan

chữ Hán form of toán (“mathematics”).