等
See also: 朩
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Translingual
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Han character
等 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹土木戈 (HGDI), four-corner 88341, composition ⿱𥫗寺)
Derived characters
- 𠎬, 𬼑, 𠾡, 𫮨, 𢡩, 㩐, 𣛆, 𥢜, 𥪸, 𦅯, 𮖴, 𨅸, 𨬻, 𠟚, 𫂨, 𮆠, 𮆩
References
- KangXi: page 882, character 24
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25992
- Dae Jaweon: page 1311, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2962, character 1
- Unihan data for U+7B49
Chinese
| trad. | 等 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 等 | |
| 2nd round simp. | ⿱艹寸 | |
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (寺) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 等 | *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ |
| 待 | *dɯːʔ |
| 寺 | *ljɯs |
| 持 | *l'ɯ |
| 峙 | *dɯʔ |
| 痔 | *dɯʔ |
| 跱 | *dɯʔ |
| 歭 | *dɯʔ |
| 洔 | *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ |
| 畤 | *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ |
| 秲 | *dɯʔ, *djɯs |
| 庤 | *dɯʔ |
| 時 | *djɯ |
| 鰣 | *djɯ |
| 塒 | *djɯ |
| 蒔 | *djɯ, *djɯs |
| 榯 | *djɯ |
| 恃 | *djɯʔ |
| 侍 | *djɯs |
| 詩 | *hljɯ |
| 邿 | *hljɯ |
| 特 | *dɯːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.
Etymology
- “rank; class; kind; to equate; and the like; plural particle”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).
- “to wait”
- A medieval word, probably related to 待 (OC *dɯːʔ, “to wait”) (Wang, 1982).
Pronunciation
Definitions
等
- † to arrange bamboo slips neatly
- rank; grade; class
- sort; kind; type
- (Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see
Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia - 重紐三等／重纽三等 ― chóngniǔ sānděng ― the third division member of a rime doublet
- to equate; to be equal
- and the like; and so on; etc.; et al.
- 今天晚上有話劇、唱歌、跳舞等精彩表演。 [MSC, trad.]
- Jīntiān wǎnshàng yǒu huàjù, chànggē, tiàowǔ děng jīngcǎi biǎoyǎn. [Pinyin]
- Tonight there are wonderful performances like drama, singing, dancing, and more.
今天晚上有话剧、唱歌、跳舞等精彩表演。 [MSC, simp.]
- 秦二世元年七月，陳涉等起大澤中。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Qín èrshì yuánnián qīyuè, Chén Shè děng qǐ Dàzé zhōng. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
秦二世元年七月，陈涉等起大泽中。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- Particle indicating the ending of enumeration.
- 中國有北京、上海、天津、重慶等四個直轄市。 [MSC, trad.]
- Zhōngguó yǒu Běijīng, Shànghǎi, Tiānjīn, Chóngqìng děng sì ge zhíxiáshì. [Pinyin]
- China has four direct-administered municipalities: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing.
中国有北京、上海、天津、重庆等四个直辖市。 [MSC, simp.]
- 沛公則置車騎，脫身獨騎，與樊噲、夏侯嬰、靳彊、紀信等四人持劍盾步走，從酈山下，道芷陽間行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Pèigōng zé zhì chēqí, tuōshēn dú qí, yǔ Fán Kuài, Xiàhóu Yīng, Jìn Qiáng, Jǐ Xìn děng sì rén chí jiàn dùn bùzǒu, cóng Lì Shān xià, dào Zhǐyáng jiān xíng. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
沛公则置车骑，脱身独骑，与樊哙、夏侯婴、靳强、纪信等四人持剑盾步走，从郦山下，道芷阳间行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary or Hakka) Plural particle used after personal pronouns or nouns.
- 爾等／尔等 [Classical Chinese] ― ěrděng [Pinyin] ― you (plural)
- 𠊎等 [Sixian Hakka] ― ngài-tén [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― we; us
- to wait
- 你等多久了？ ― Nǐ děng duōjiǔ le? ― How long have you been waiting?
- (Cantonese) to let; to allow; to cause
- (Hakka) Progressive particle, used after verbs to indicate the continuation of an action or a state.
- 花樹下，開等滿滿个花。 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
- From: c.2004, 謝宇威／谢宇威, 花樹下
- Fâ-su hâ, khôi-tén mân-mân ke fâ. [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
- Under flowering tree, [it] is blooming fully.
花树下，开等满满个花。 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]
- a surname
Synonyms
- (to wait):
edit
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- (progressive particle):
Dialectal synonyms of 著 (“(particle indicating the continuation of an action or a state)”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 著 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 著 |
| Taiwan | 著 | |
| Harbin | 著 | |
| Yantai (Muping) | 著 | |
| Jinan | 著 | |
| Wanrong | 著 | |
| Xi'an | 著 | |
| Wuhan | 倒 | |
| Guiyang | 倒 | |
| Guilin | 倒 | |
| Liuzhou | 倒, 穩 | |
| Xuzhou | 著 | |
| Nanjing | 著 | |
| Singapore | 著 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 緊 |
| Hong Kong | 緊 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 緊 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 倒 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 等 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 等 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 等 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 等 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 緊 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 等 | |
| Kuching (Hepo) | 緊 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 著 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 緊 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勒海, 勒該 |
| Ningbo | 的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼 | |
| Zhoushan | 底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼 | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 等
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (等):
- → Japanese: 等 (tō)
- → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
- → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)
References
- “等”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02997
- “Entry #8843”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Kanji
等
(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)
- equal
- et cetera
- a pluralizer
Readings
- Go-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
- Kun: ひとしい (hitoshii, 等しい, Jōyō); など (nado, 等); なんど (nando); ら (ra, 等)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 等 |
| とう Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 等 (tongX, “step, grade”), extended to mean ... kind of thing.
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) とー [tóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
- IPA(key): [to̞ː]
Adverb
等 • (tō)
- et cetera
Suffix
等 • (-tō)
- rank, class, order
- et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
Usage notes
For the et cetera sense, the tō reading is somewhat more formal than the nado reading.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 一等 (ittō): first rank
- 官等 (kantō): official rank
- 均等 (kintō): equality
- 勲等 (kuntō): order of merit
- 降等 (kōtō): a reduction in rank; to reduce a rank
- 高等 (kōtō): high rank, high-grade
- 劣等 (rettō): inferior
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 等 |
| など Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
From earlier なんど (nando, “etc., and so forth, and such like”), from earlier 何と (nani to, “etc., and so forth, and such like”, literally “and what”), itself a compound of 何 (nani, “what”) + と (to, “and”).[2][1][3]
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- IPA(key): [na̠do̞]
Adverb
等 • (nado)
- et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
- 魚や肉等
- sakana ya niku nado
- things like fish or meat, fish and meat et cetera / and other such things
- 魚や肉等
Usage notes
For the et cetera sense, the tō reading is somewhat more formal than the nado reading.
Often spelled in hiragana, as など.
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 等 |
| なんど Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
From earlier 何と (nani to, “etc., and so forth, and such like”, literally “and what”), itself a compound of 何 (nani, “what”) + と (to, “and”).[2][1][3]
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- IPA(key): [nã̠ndo̞]
Adverb
等 • (nando)
- (archaic, chiefly obsolete) et cetera, that kind of thing, and so on
Usage notes
Largely superseded by the nado reading above.
May be spelled in hiragana, as なんど.
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 等 |
| ら Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- IPA(key): [ɾa̠]
Suffix
等 • (-ra)
- pluralizer
- 我、我等、これ、これ等
- ware, warera, kore, korera
- I, we, this, these
- 我、我等、これ、これ等
- qualifier, softener: around abouts
- 今日等、そこ等辺
- kyōra, sokora hen
- roughly today, that area around there
- 今日等、そこ等辺
Usage notes
Often spelled in hiragana, as ら.
Synonyms
- 達 (たち, tachi)
- 供 (ども, domo)
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
等 (eumhun 무리 등 (muri deung))
- Hanja form? of 등 (“rank, class, order”).
- Hanja form? of 등 (“et cetera”).
Compounds
- 등등 (等等, deungdeung, “et cetera, etc; and so on”)
- 열등 (劣等, yeoldeung, “inferiority”)
Vietnamese
Han character
等: Hán Nôm readings: đẳng, đấng, đứng
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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