究

究

究 U+7A76, 究 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A76 ← 穵 [U+7A75] CJK Unified Ideographs 穷 → [U+7A77]

Translingual

Han character

究 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+2, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十金大弓 (JCKN), four-corner 3041₇, composition ⿱穴九)

Derived characters

• 㙀, 𭝄, 𢭕, 𣵇, 𫕂, 𭦒, 𣒔, 𤲏, 𭾶, 𥦚, 𥤿, 𥧖, 𰩞, 𥨶

References

• KangXi: page 862, character 24
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25409
• Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2718, character 5
• Unihan data for U+7A76

---

Chinese

trad.		究
simp. #		究

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 究
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
尻	*kʰuː
訄	*kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽	*krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓	*qʰruː
鳩	*ku
勼	*ku
九	*kuʔ
究	*kus
仇	*ɡu
鼽	*ɡu
犰	*ɡu
叴	*ɡu
厹	*ɡu
頄	*ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹	*ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗	*ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏	*ɡu
訅	*ɡu
釚	*ɡu
肍	*ɡu
軌	*kʷrɯwʔ
宄	*kʷrɯwʔ
氿	*kʷrɯwʔ
匭	*kʷrɯwʔ
泦	*kuɡ
旭	*qʰʷoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kus) : semantic 穴 (“cave”) + phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiū, jiù

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡ, ㄐㄧㄡˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gau³
• Gan (Wiktionary): jiu⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): giu

  (Meixian, Guangdong): giu⁴

• Min Dong (BUC): giéu
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiù

  (Teochew, Peng'im): giu³

• Wu (Wiktionary): jieu (T2)

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiou
    • Wade–Giles: chiu¹
    • Yale: jyōu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiou
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjoʊ̯⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
    • Wade–Giles: chiu⁴
    • Yale: jyòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjoʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gau³
    • Yale: gau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: geo³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: jiu⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiu³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: giu
    • Hakka Romanization System: giu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: giu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /gi̯u⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: giu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ciu⁵³/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: giéu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiɛu²¹³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiù
    • Tâi-lô: kiù
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiux
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiu²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiu²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiu¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiu²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: giu³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiu²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: jieu (T2)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɜ³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: /kɨu^H/

Rime
Character	究
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居祐切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨuH/
Pan Wuyun	/kiuH/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəuH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuwH/
Li Rong	/kiuH/
Wang Li	/kĭəuH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯uH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k](r)u(ʔ)-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kus/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	究
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiū
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuwH ›
Old Chinese	/*[k](r)u(ʔ)-s/
English	scrutinize; go to the end
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	究
Reading #	1/1
No.	6942
Phonetic component	九
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	救
Old Chinese	/*kus/

Definitions

究

1. to reach the end or limit; to exhaust
2. to study intensively; to research

   Synonym: 研 (yán)

3. to investigate; to scrutinise
4. after all; actually; in fact

Compounds

一探究竟 不究 刨根究底 探究 (tànjiū) 推究 (tuījiū) 搜根究底 查究 (chájiū) 根究 (gēnjiū) 深究 (shēnjiū) 研究 (yánjiū) 研究室 (yánjiūshì) 研究所 (yánjiūsuǒ) 研究生 (yánjiūshēng) 研究院 (yánjiūyuàn) 究心 究查 究治 究理

究究 究竟 (jiūjìng) 考究 (kǎojiū) 追根究柢 追究 (zhuījiū) 不講究／不讲究 作業研究／作业研究 個案研究／个案研究 (gè'àn yánjiū) 學究／学究 (xuéjiū) 學究天人／学究天人 學術研究／学术研究 尋根究底／寻根究底 (xúngēnjiūdǐ) 尋究／寻究 探個究竟／探个究竟 有講究／有讲究 村學究／村学究 歸根究柢／归根究柢 (guīgēnjiūdǐ) 沒講究／没讲究

當官追究／当官追究 盤究／盘究 看個究竟／看个究竟 研究員／研究员 (yánjiūyuán) 究問／究问 究詰／究诘 究辦／究办 窮根究底／穷根究底 (qiónggēnjiūdǐ) 窮究／穷究 細究／细究 (xìjiū) 終究／终究 (zhōngjiū) 老學究／老学究 (lǎoxuéjiū) 討究／讨究 該究／该究 講究／讲究 (jiǎngjiū) 闡究／阐究 體究／体究

---

Japanese

Kanji

究

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. research

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)^{←きう (kiu, historical)}
• Kun: きわめる (kiwameru, 究める, Jōyō); きわまる (kiwamaru, 究まる)

---

Korean

Hanja

究 (eumhun 연구할 구 (yeon'guhal gu))

1. Hanja form^? of 구 (“examine, investigate”).

Compounds

• 연구 (硏究, yeon'gu, “research”)

---

Vietnamese

Han character

究: Hán Nôm readings: cứu[1][2][3][4][5]

1. to search, to examine

Compounds

• 查究 (tra cứu)
• 研究 (nghiên cứu)
• 研究生 (nghiên cứu sinh)
• 究察 (cứu xét)
• 究竟 (cứu cánh)
• 考究 (khảo cứu)
• 追究 (truy cứu)

 

References

1. Nguyễn (1974).
2. Trần (1999).
3. Thiều Chửu (1942).
4. Bonet (1899).
5. Génibrel (1898).