稼

稼

稼 U+7A3C, 稼 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A3C ← 稻 [U+7A3B] CJK Unified Ideographs 稽 → [U+7A3D]

Translingual

Han character

稼 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹木十一人 (HDJMO), four-corner 2393₂, composition ⿰禾家)

1. sow grain
2. sheaves of grain

References

• KangXi: page 857, character 30
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25217
• Dae Jaweon: page 1283, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2626, character 8
• Unihan data for U+7A3C

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		稼

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (家) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
家	*kraː
傢	*kraː
幏	*kraː, *kraːs
稼	*kraːs
嫁	*kraːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kraːs) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 家 (OC *kraː).

Etymology

Compare Proto-Tai *klaːꟲ (“seedling; rice”), Proto-Kam-Sui *kla³ (“rice seedling”), though the medials do not agree (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jià (jia⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa³
• Jin (Wiktionary): jia³
• Min Dong (BUC): gá
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kà / kèe

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gê³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jià
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jià
    • Wade–Giles: chia⁴
    • Yale: jyà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiah
    • Palladius: цзя (czja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gaa³
    • Yale: ga
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaa³
    • Guangdong Romanization: ga³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː³³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: jia³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕia⁴⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gá
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑ²¹³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kà
    • Tâi-lô: kà
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kax
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ka⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ka²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèe
    • Tâi-lô: kèe
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gê³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kè
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ke²¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: /kˠa^H/

Rime
Character	稼
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古訝切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠaH/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚaH/
Shao Rongfen	/kaH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨH/
Li Rong	/kaH/
Wang Li	/kaH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kaH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaa3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤra-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kraːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	稼
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jià
Middle Chinese	‹ kæH ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁra-s/
English	grain; sow (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	稼
Reading #	1/1
No.	5922
Phonetic component	家
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	駕
Old Chinese	/*kraːs/

Definitions

稼

1. to sow; to plant; to cultivate

   • 不稼不穡，胡取禾三百廛兮？ [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     不稼不穑，胡取禾三百廛兮？ [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Bù jià bù sè, hú qǔ hé sānbǎi chán xī? [Pinyin]

     You sow not nor reap; -
     How do you get the produce of those three hundred farms?

2. grain; cereal; crop

Compounds

禾稼 耕稼 躬稼 不稼不穡／不稼不穑 秋莊稼／秋庄稼

種莊稼／种庄稼 稼穡／稼穑 (jiàsè) 稼穡艱難／稼穑艰难 稼軒／稼轩 莊稼／庄稼 (zhuāngjia)

莊稼人／庄稼人 (zhuāngjiarén) 莊稼地／庄稼地 (zhuāngjiadì) 莊稼活兒／庄稼活儿 莊稼漢／庄稼汉 (zhuāngjiahàn)

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Japanese

Kanji

稼

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. to earn
2. earning, earnings
3. working, operation

Readings

• Go-on: け (ke)
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
• Kun: かせぐ (kasegu, 稼ぐ, Jōyō); みのり (minori, 稼り); うえる (ueru, 稼える)

Compounds

• 稼業(かぎょう) (kagyō)
• 稼動(かどう) (kadō)
• 稼働(かどう) (kadō)

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 稼 (MC kˠa^H). Recorded as Middle Korean 가〯 (kǎ) (Yale: kǎ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [가]

Hanja

Wikisource稼 (eumhun 심을 가 (simeul ga))

1. Hanja form^? of 가 (“work”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 가동 (稼動, gadong)
• 가행 (稼行, gahaeng)
• 가득 (稼得, gadeuk)
• 가동률 (稼動率, gadongnyul)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

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Tày

Noun

稼 (transliteration needed)

1. Nôm form of chả (“riceseedlings”).

References

Lục Văn Pảo; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003), Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

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Vietnamese

Han character

稼: Hán Nôm readings: giá, cấy

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.