禁

See also: 🈲

禁	U+7981, 禁 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981

← 禀
[U+7980]

CJK Unified Ideographs

禂 →
[U+7982]

Translingual

Han character

禁 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木木一一火 (DDMMF), four-corner 4490₁, composition ⿱林示)

References

KangXi: page 844, character 10

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24743

Dae Jaweon: page 1264, character 11

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2400, character 4

Unihan data for U+7981

Chinese

trad.		禁
simp. ^#		禁
alternative forms		噤 Cantonese kam¹ 襟 Cantonese kam¹ come Cantonese kam¹

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (林) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
婪	*ɡ·ruːm
惏	*ɡ·ruːm
啉	*ɡ·ruːm
漤	*ɡ·ruːmʔ
醂	*ɡ·ruːmʔ
林	*ɡ·rɯm
琳	*ɡ·rɯm
淋	ɡ·rɯm, ɡ·rɯms
痳	*ɡ·rɯm
箖	*ɡ·rɯm
霖	*ɡ·rɯm
菻	ɡ·rɯmʔ, ɡ·rɯms
罧	slɯmʔ, srɯms
棽	r̥ʰɯm, srɯm
綝	*r̥ʰɯm
郴	*r̥ʰɯm
禁	krɯm, krɯms
襟	*krɯm
僸	krɯms, ŋɡrɯmʔ
澿	*ɡrɯm
噤	ɡrɯmʔ, ɡrɯms
凚	ɡrɯmʔ, ɡrɯms
齽	*ɡrɯms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *krɯm, *krɯms) : phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 示 (“altar”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (“custom, prohibition”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, “law, rule; habit”), Mizo hrem (“to punish”) and Japhug khrɯm (“punishment”), although the latter may be a borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89).

Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ် (hkrim, “to threaten”) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (“to threaten”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīn (jin¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gam¹, kam¹
Min Dong (BUC): gĭng
Wu (Wiktionary): jin (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jin
  - Wade–Giles: chin¹
  - Yale: jīn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
  - Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gam¹, kam¹
  - Yale: gām, kām
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gam¹, kam¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gem¹, kem¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm⁵⁵/, /kʰɐm⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: jin (T1)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕɪɲ⁵³/

Middle Chinese: /kˠiɪm/

Rime
Character	禁
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居吟切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚim/
Shao Rongfen	/kiem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjim/
Li Rong	/kjəm/
Wang Li	/kĭĕm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*krɯm/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禁
Reading #	1/2
No.	8180
Phonetic component	林
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	金
Old Chinese	/*krɯm/

Definitions

禁

to bear; to endure
to be able to withstand
我唔禁激㗎。 [Cantonese] ― ngo⁵ m⁴ kam¹ gik¹ gaa³. [Jyutping] ― I cannot stand getting annoyed.
(chiefly in the negative) to contain oneself; to restrain oneself
to torment; to torture
(Cantonese) durable
件衫啲料好禁喎。 [Cantonese, trad.]
件衫啲料好禁㖞。 [Cantonese, simp.]
gin⁶ saam¹ di¹ liu^6-2 hou² kam¹ wo³. [Jyutping]
The shirt's material is quite durable.
Alternative form of 襟 (jīn, “coat sash; belt (to fasten clothes); girdle”).

Compounds

Derived terms from 禁

不禁 (bùjīn)
不自禁
喜不自禁
忍俊不禁 (rěnjùnbùjīn)
情不自禁 (qíngbùzìjīn)
禁不住 (jīnbuzhù)

禁不得
禁不起 (jīnbùqǐ)
禁受
禁得
禁得住
禁得起

禁架
不禁技癢／不禁技痒
禁當／禁当
禁節兒／禁节儿
禁計／禁计
禁諗／禁谂

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jìn (jin⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gam³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kim
Min Bei (KCR): gēng
Min Dong (BUC): géng / gêng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kìm
(Teochew, Peng'im): gim³
Wu (Wiktionary): jin (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jìn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
  - Wade–Giles: chin⁴
  - Yale: jìn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
  - Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gam³
  - Yale: gam
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gam³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gem³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐm³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kim
  - Hakka Romanization System: gim
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gim⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kim⁵⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gēng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /keiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: géng / gêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛiŋ²¹³/, /kɛiŋ²⁴²/

Note:

géng - literary;
gêng - vernacular (“to warn; to caution against”).

Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kìm
  - Tâi-lô: kìm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kixm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kim²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kim⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kim²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kim¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kim²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gim³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kìm
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kim²¹³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: jin (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕɪɲ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /kˠiɪm^H/

Rime
Character	禁
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居蔭切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiɪm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚim^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kiem^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjim^H/
Li Rong	/kjəm^H/
Wang Li	/kĭĕm^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯əm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jìn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kr[ə]m-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*krɯms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	禁
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jìn
Middle Chinese	‹ kim^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kr[ə]m-s/
English	prohibit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禁
Reading #	2/2
No.	8181
Phonetic component	林
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	禁
Old Chinese	/*krɯms/

Definitions

禁

to prohibit; to forbid; to restrict
to pin down; to restrain
to block; to hinder
to imprison; to detain; to take into custody
to use incantation
to store up; to hoard
ban; prohibition; restriction; interdict
taboo; banned item or thing
prison; jail; confinement
(historical) court; palace
(historical) ritual table; wine altar
sorcery; incantation; spell

Compounds

Derived terms from 禁

令行禁止
冷禁
呵禁
囚禁 (qiújìn)
夜禁
失禁 (shījìn)
宵禁 (xiāojìn)
寒禁
尿失禁 (niàoshījìn)
幽禁 (yōujìn)
弛禁
拘禁 (jūjìn)
查禁 (chájìn)
止暴禁非
法禁
海禁 (hǎijìn)
清禁
火禁
犯禁 (fànjìn)
目禁
禁中
禁令 (jìnlìng)
禁例 (jìnlì)
禁制 (jìnzhì)
禁制令 (jìnzhìlìn)
禁加
禁勘
禁卒
禁口
禁咒
禁品 (jìnpǐn)
禁土
禁地
禁坐
禁城
禁夜
禁子
禁害
禁屠
禁建
禁役
禁忌 (jìnjì)
禁戒
禁所
禁持

禁挫
禁掖
禁方
禁林 (jìnlín)
禁果 (jìnguǒ)
禁止 (jìnzhǐ)
禁步
禁治
禁演
禁火
禁牌
禁省 (jìnshěng)
禁苑 (jìnyuàn)
禁衢
禁足 (jìnzú)
禁遏
禁酒 (jìnjiǔ)
禁阻
禁食 (jìnshí)
禁鼓
紫禁
紫禁城 (Zǐjìnchéng)
茶禁
解禁 (jiějìn)
邦禁
配合禁忌
酒禁 (jiǔjìn)
金吾不禁
偷嚐禁果／偷尝禁果
厲禁／厉禁
問禁／问禁
嚴禁／严禁 (yánjìn)
報禁／报禁 (bàojìn)
宮禁／宫禁 (gōngjìn)
寓禁於征／寓禁于征
形格勢禁／形格势禁 (xínggéshìjìn)
搖手觸禁／摇手触禁
氣禁／气禁
煙禁／烟禁
牢頭禁子／牢头禁子
獨居監禁／独居监禁
百無禁忌／百无禁忌 (bǎiwújìnjì)
監禁／监禁 (jiānjìn)
禁區／禁区 (jìnqū)

禁壓／禁压
禁姦除猾／禁奸除猾
禁宮／禁宫
禁忌站臺／禁忌站台
禁慾／禁欲 (jìnyù)
禁慾主義／禁欲主义 (jìnyùzhǔyì)
禁斷／禁断
禁暴誅亂／禁暴诛乱
禁暴靜亂／禁暴静乱
禁書／禁书 (jìnshū)
禁治產／禁治产
禁煙／禁烟 (jìnyān)
禁煙節／禁烟节
禁絕／禁绝 (jìnjué)
禁網／禁网
禁網疏闊／禁网疏阔
禁聲／禁声
禁臠／禁脔 (jìnluán)
禁藥／禁药
禁衛／禁卫
禁衛軍／禁卫军
禁製品／禁制品 (jìnzhìpǐn)
禁軍／禁军 (jìnjūn)
禁錮／禁锢 (jìngù)
禁門／禁门
禁閉／禁闭 (jìnbì)
禁閉室／禁闭室
禁體／禁体
空中禁區／空中禁区
脫禁／脱禁
菸禁／烟禁
蠶禁／蚕禁
觸禁犯忌／触禁犯忌
詰禁／诘禁
違禁／违禁 (wéijìn)
違禁品／违禁品 (wéijìnpǐn)
鎖禁／锁禁
門禁／门禁 (ménjìn)
門禁森嚴／门禁森严
開禁／开禁 (kāijìn)
關禁／关禁
髮禁／发禁
鶴禁／鹤禁
黨禁／党禁 (dǎngjìn)

Japanese

Kanji

禁

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

prohibition

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon)
Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
Kun: とどめる (todomeru, 禁める); いさめる (isameru, 禁める); たえる (taeru)

Compounds

禁漁(きんりょう) (kinryō), 禁漁(きんぎょ) (kingyo): prohibition on fishing
禁猟(きんりょう) (kinryō): prohibition on hunting
軟禁(なんきん) (nankin): house arrest
禁煙(きんえん) (kin'en): smoke ban; to stop smoking

Kanji in this term
禁
きん Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on

(Tokyo) きん [kíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [kʲĩɴ]

Noun

禁(きん) • (kin)

prohibition

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

禁 (eumhun 금할 금 (geumhal geum))

Hanja form^? of 금 (“prohibition”).

Compounds

금지 (禁止, geumji, “prohibition”)
금기 (禁忌, geumgi, “taboo”)

Vietnamese

Han character

禁: Hán Nôm readings: cấm, bấm, quắm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN