磨

See also: 磿

磨	U+78E8, 磨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78E8

← 磧
[U+78E7]

CJK Unified Ideographs

磩 →
[U+78E9]

Translingual

Han character

磨 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+11, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈金一口 (ICMR) or 戈木一口 (IDMR), four-corner 0026₁, composition ⿸麻石)

Derived characters

嚰, 𫾚, 𣟖, 礳, 𥽨, 耱, 𨇢, 𭍁, 饝, 𨟖, 蘑

References

KangXi: page 835, character 39
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24449
Dae Jaweon: page 1253, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2453, character 13
Unihan data for U+78E8

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (麻) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
麻	*mraːl
痲	*mraːl
犘	*mraːl
縻	*mral
醿	*mral
爢	*mral
蘼	mral, mralʔ, *mrɯl
靡	*mralʔ
摩	maːl, maːls
魔	*maːl
磨	maːl, maːls
劘	*maːl
麽	*maːl
麼	*maːlʔ
塺	maːls, mɯːl
麾	*hmral

Originally written as 䃺 (mó). Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *maːl, *maːls) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + abbreviated phonetic 靡 (OC *mralʔ).

Etymology 1

trad.		磨
simp. ^#		磨
2nd round simp.		⿸广石

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): mó (mo²)
(Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˊ
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мә (mə, I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): mo⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nò
Min Dong (BUC): muài / mò̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): bôa / mô͘
(Teochew, Peng'im): bhua⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): mu (T3); mo (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mó
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mó
  - Wade–Giles: mo²
  - Yale: mwó
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mo
  - Palladius: мо (mo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mwɔ³⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мә (mə, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mə²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: mo⁴
  - Yale: mòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mo⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: mo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔː²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nò
  - Hakka Romanization System: noˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: no²
  - Sinological IPA: /no¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: muài / mò̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muai⁵³/, /mo⁵³/

Note:

muài - vernacular;
mò̤ - literary.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bôa
  - Tâi-lô: buâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: boaa
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bua¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /bua²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bua²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mô͘
  - Tâi-lô: môo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: moo
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /mɔ̃¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /mɔ̃²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /mɔ̃²³/

Note:

bôa - vernacular;
mô͘ - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bhua⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /bua⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: mu (T3); mo (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mv̩ʷ²³/, /mo²³/

Middle Chinese: /muɑ/

Rime
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫婆切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/muɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwa/
Li Rong	/muɑ/
Wang Li	/muɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mo⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaj/
(Zhengzhang): /*maːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mó
Middle Chinese	‹ ma ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁaj/
English	rub, grind
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磨
Reading #	1/2
No.	8706
Phonetic component	麻
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	摩
Old Chinese	/*maːl/

Definitions

磨

to grind; to sharpen
to rub; to chafe
to wear away; to obliterate
to wear out; to wear down; to erode
to dawdle; to waste (time)
to pester; to plague (someone)

Compounds

Derived terms from 磨

一折一磨
切磋琢磨 (qiēcuōzhuómó)
刮垢磨光
博磨
好事多磨 (hǎoshìduōmó)
打磨 (dǎmó)
折磨 (zhémó)
拖磨 (tuōmó)
捱磨
擦拳磨掌
擦掌磨拳
水磨工夫
水磨石
泡磨菇
消磨 (xiāomó)
琢磨 (zhuómó)
百世不磨
砂磨
研磨 (yánmó)
砥行磨名
磋磨
磨人
磨佗子
磨光 (móguāng)
磨刀 (módāo)
磨刀石 (módāoshí)
磨刀霍霍
磨刻
磨削
磨功夫
磨勒
磨勘
磨博士
磨咕
磨嘴 (mózuǐ)
磨嘴皮
磨墨 (mómò)
磨它子
磨官
磨平
磨床

磨成
磨折
磨拖
磨拳擦掌
磨擦 (mócā)
磨料
磨末器
磨治
磨洋工 (móyánggōng)
磨牙 (móyá)
磨盾之暇
磨石 (móshí)
磨砂玻璃
磨磨
磨笄
磨而不磷
磨耗 (móhào)
磨耗症
磨菇
磨趄子
磨跎
磨蹭 (mócèng)
磨陀
突磨
羯磨 (jiémó)
起磨
都都磨磨
磨脊梁
磨蝎
不可磨滅／不可磨灭 (bùkěmómiè)
昏鏡重磨／昏镜重磨
水磨調／水磨调
永不磨滅／永不磨灭 (yǒngbùmómiè)
球磨機／球磨机
研磨機／研磨机 (yánmójī)
磨不開臉／磨不开脸
磨兌／磨兑
磨勁兒／磨劲儿
磨厲以須／磨厉以须
磨合羅／磨合罗
磨喝樂／磨喝乐

磨對／磨对
磨揉遷革／磨揉迁革
磨損／磨损 (mósǔn)
磨撐／磨撑
磨擔／磨担 (módàn)
磨杵成針／磨杵成针
磨滅／磨灭 (mómiè)
磨漆畫／磨漆画
磨煉／磨炼 (móliàn)
磨煩／磨烦
磨牙手機／磨牙手机
磨磚／磨砖
磨磚成鏡／磨砖成镜
磨礪／磨砺 (mólì)
磨礪以須／磨砺以须
磨礱砥礪／磨砻砥砺
磨穿鐵硯／磨穿铁砚 (móchuāntiěyàn)
磨練／磨练
磨舌頭／磨舌头
磨蝕／磨蚀
磨變岩／磨变岩
磨賴／磨赖
磨踵滅頂／磨踵灭顶
磨轉／磨转
磨針溪／磨针溪
磨鍊／磨炼
磨鐵成針／磨铁成针
磨難／磨难 (mónàn)
磨電燈／磨电灯
磨頂至踵／磨顶至踵
磨頭／磨头
磨駝／磨驼
礪吻磨距／砺吻磨距
結磨／结磨
耳鬢廝磨／耳鬓厮磨 (ěrbìnsīmó)
臨陣磨槍／临阵磨枪 (línzhènmóqiāng)
銷磨／销磨
鐵杵磨針／铁杵磨针
鐵硯磨穿／铁砚磨穿
阿毗達磨／阿毗达磨
鬧磨擦／闹磨擦

Etymology 2

trad.		磨
simp. ^#		磨
2nd round simp.		⿸广石

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mò (mo⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mo⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mo
Min Dong (BUC): mô̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): bō / mō͘
(Teochew, Peng'im): bho⁷

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mò
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mò
  - Wade–Giles: mo⁴
  - Yale: mwò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
  - Palladius: мо (mo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mwɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: mo⁶
  - Yale: moh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mo⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: mo⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔː²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mo
  - Hakka Romanization System: mo
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mo⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /mo⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: mô̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bō
  - Tâi-lô: bō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: boi
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ³³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bo³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore): /bo²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bo⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mō͘
  - Tâi-lô: mōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: mo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /mɔ̃⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bho⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bō
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /bo¹¹/

Middle Chinese: /muɑ^H/

Rime
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	摸卧切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/muɑ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwa^H/
Li Rong	/muɑ^H/
Wang Li	/muɑ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mo⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaj-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*maːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò
Middle Chinese	‹ ma^H ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁaj-s/
English	grinding stone
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磨
Reading #	2/2
No.	8710
Phonetic component	麻
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*maːls/

Definitions

磨

grinder; mill
to grind; to mill
to turn around
(Cantonese) to waste time

Compounds

Derived terms from 磨

打旋磨
打都磨子
挨磨
推磨 (tuīmò)
水磨
石磨 (shímò)
磨叨
磨坊 (mòfáng)
磨子 (mòzi)
磨心
磨房 (mòfáng)
磨旗

磨豆腐 (mò dòufu)
鬼推磨
卸磨殺驢／卸磨杀驴 (xièmòshālǘ)
打獨磨／打独磨
打磨盤／打磨盘
打磨磨轉／打磨磨转
打篤磨／打笃磨
打篤磨槎／打笃磨槎
指山說磨／指山说磨
指山賣磨／指山卖磨
油回磨轉／油回磨转

牛回磨轉／牛回磨转
磨不開／磨不开
磨官兒／磨官儿
磨扇墜手／磨扇坠手
磨盤／磨盘 (mòpán)
礱磨／砻磨
篤磨／笃磨
轉磨／转磨
轉磨磨／转磨磨
風磨／风磨
魯磨路／鲁磨路 (Lǔmòlù)

Etymology 3

trad.		磨
simp. ^#		磨
alternative forms		庅

Possibly from 摩 (OC *maːl, “to approach; to touch; to draw near”); cognate with Cantonese 埋 (maai4, “to approach”) (Yan et al., 2016).

Pronunciation

Min Nan (Teochew, Peng'im): bhua⁵

Min Nan
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bhua⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /bua⁵⁵/

Definitions

磨

(Teochew) to approach

Japanese

Shinjitai	磨
Kyūjitai [1][2]	磨󠄁 磨+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	磨󠄃 磨+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

磨

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

to polish
to grind
to brush (teeth)

Readings

From Middle Chinese 磨 (MC muɑ); compare Mandarin 磨 (mó):

Go-on: ま (ma, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ば (ba)

From Middle Chinese 磨 (MC muɑ^H); compare Mandarin 磨 (mò):

Go-on: ま (ma, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ば (ba)

From native Japanese roots:

Kun: みがく (migaku, 磨く, Jōyō); する (suru, 磨る); とぐ (togu, 磨ぐ)
Nanori: おさむ (osamu); きよ (kiyo); みがく (migaku)

Compounds

羯(かつ)磨(ま) (katsuma)
研(けん)磨(ま) (kenma)
事(じ)上(じょう)磨(ま)錬(れん) (jijō maren)
消(しょう)磨(ま), 銷(しょう)磨(ま) (shōma)
磨(すり)臼(うす) (suriusu)
磨(すり)硝子(がらす) (surigarasu)
切(せっ)磋(さ)琢(たく)磨(ま) (sessa takuma)
琢(たく)磨(ま) (takuma)
達(だる)磨(ま) (daruma)
凋(ちょう)零(れい)磨(ま)滅(めつ) (chōrei mametsu)
鈍(どん)磨(ま) (donma)
播(はり)磨(ま) (Harima)
毘(び)首(しゅ)羯(かつ)磨(ま) (bishu katsuma)
百(ひゃく)世(せい)不(ふ)磨(ま) (hyakusei fuma)
百(ひゃく)戦(せん)錬(れん)磨(ま) (hyakusen renma)
百(ひゃっ)古(こ)不(ふ)磨(ま) (hyakko fuma)
磨(ま)崖(がい)仏(ぶつ) (magaibutsu)
磨(ま)揉(じゅう)遷(せん)革(かく) (majū senkaku)
磨(ま)滅(めつ) (mametsu)
磨(ま)耗(もう) (mamō)
磨(ま)礪(れい) (marei)
練(れん)磨(ま) (renma)

References

1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1546 (paper), page 825 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 885 (paper), page 455 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)

Korean

Hanja

磨 (eumhun 갈 마 (gal ma))

Hanja form^? of 마 (“grind, polish, rub, wear out”).
Hanja form^? of 마 (“millstone”).

Vietnamese

Han character

磨: Hán Nôm readings: ma, mài

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1546 (paper), page 825 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)

[2] 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 885 (paper), page 455 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)