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单词 破
释义

破

破 U+7834, 破
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7834
← 砳
[U+7833]		CJK Unified Ideographs砵 →
[U+7835]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

破 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一口木竹水 (MRDHE), four-corner 14647, composition ⿰石皮)

Derived characters

  • 㗞

References

  • KangXi: page 829, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24124
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1244, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2426, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+7834

Chinese

simp. and trad.
破

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (皮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
陂*pral, *prals
詖*pral, *prals
彼*pralʔ
柀*pralʔ
佊*pralʔ, *prals
貱*prals
跛*prals, *paːlʔ
披*pʰral, *pʰralʔ
鈹*pʰral
帔*pʰral, *pʰrals
鮍*pʰral
耚*pʰral
狓*pʰral
翍*pʰral
旇*pʰral, *brals
秛*pʰral, *pʰrals
紴*pʰralʔ, *paːl
皮*bral
疲*bral
被*bralʔ, *brals
髲*brals
鞁*brals
骳*mbralʔ
波*paːl
碆*paːl, *baːl
菠*paːl
簸*paːlʔ, *paːls
駊*paːlʔ, *pʰaːlʔ
頗*pʰaːl, *pʰaːlʔ, *pʰaːls
坡*pʰaːl
玻*pʰaːl
破*pʰaːls
婆*baːl
蔢*baːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːls) : semantic 石 + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).

Etymology

According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with Burmese ဖဲ့ (hpai., “to break off a small piece”), Dimasa bai (“break”), Mizo peh (peʔ, “to break; be broken”). However, STEDT derives the above three terms from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(p/b)aj (“to break out; to break off; to hatch”) and does not compare 破 (OC *pʰaːls) to it.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): pò (po4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄛˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): po4
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): po3
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): po1
  • Gan (Wiktionary): po3
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pho
    (Meixian, Guangdong): po4
  • Jin (Wiktionary): pe3
  • Min Bei (KCR): pǒ / puǎ
  • Min Dong (BUC): puái / pó̤
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): phò͘ / phò / phòa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): pua3
  • Wu (Wiktionary): pha (T2); phu (T2)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): po4
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: pò
      • Zhuyin: ㄆㄛˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: pò
      • Wade–Giles: pʻo4
      • Yale: pwò
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: poh
      • Palladius: по (po)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰwɔ⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: po4
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: po
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰo²¹³/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: po3
      • Yale: po
      • Cantonese Pinyin: po3
      • Guangdong Romanization: po3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰɔː³³/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: po1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰᵘɔ³³/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: po3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰo²¹³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pho
      • Hakka Romanization System: po
      • Hagfa Pinyim: po4
      • Sinological IPA: /pʰo⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: po4
      • Sinological IPA: /pʰo⁵³/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: pe3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /pʰxɤ⁴⁵/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: pǒ / puǎ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰo²¹/, /pʰua²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: puái / pó̤
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰuɑi²¹³/, /pʰɔ²¹³/
Note:
  • puái - vernacular;
  • pó̤ - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phò͘
      • Tâi-lô: phòo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: phox
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /pʰɔ⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phò
      • Tâi-lô: phò
      • Phofsit Daibuun: phoix
      • IPA (Taipei): /pʰo¹¹/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pʰo²¹/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɤ²¹/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phòa
      • Tâi-lô: phuà
      • Phofsit Daibuun: phoax
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /pʰua²¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /pʰua⁴¹/
      • IPA (Taipei): /pʰua¹¹/
Note:
  • phò͘/phò - literary;
  • phòa - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: pua3
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phuà
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰua²¹³/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: pha (T2); phu (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰa̱³⁴/, /pʰv̩ʷ³⁴/
Note:
  • 2pha - vernacular;
  • 2phu - literary.
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: po4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pʰo⁴⁵/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
破
MandarinBeijing/pʰo⁵¹/
Harbin/pʰɤ⁵³/
Tianjin/pʰo⁵³/
Jinan/pʰə²¹/
Qingdao/pʰə⁴²/
Zhengzhou/pʰo³¹²/
Xi'an/pʰo⁴⁴/
Xining/pʰɔ²¹³/
Yinchuan/pʰuə¹³/
Lanzhou/pʰə¹³/
Ürümqi/pʰɤ²¹³/
Wuhan/pʰo³⁵/
Chengdu/pʰo¹³/
Guiyang/pʰo²¹³/
Kunming/pʰo²¹²/
Nanjing/pʰo⁴⁴/
Hefei/pʰʊ⁵³/
JinTaiyuan/pʰɤ⁴⁵/
Pingyao/pʰei³⁵/
/pʰʌʔ¹³/
/pʰɔ³⁵/
Hohhot/pʰɤ⁵⁵/
WuShanghai/pʰu³⁵/
Suzhou/pʰu⁵¹³/
Hangzhou/pʰo⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou/pʰøy⁴²/
/pʰa⁴²/
HuiShexian/pʰo³²⁴/
Tunxi/pʰa⁴²/
XiangChangsha/pʰo⁵⁵/
Xiangtan/pʰo⁵⁵/
GanNanchang/pʰo²¹³/
HakkaMeixian/pʰo⁵³/
Taoyuan/pʰo⁵⁵/
CantoneseGuangzhou/pʰɔ³³/
Nanning/pʰɔ³³/
Hong Kong/pʰɔ³³/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/pʰo²¹/
/pʰua²¹/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/pʰuɑi²¹²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/pʰɔ³³/
/pʰuɛ³³/
/pʰo⁴⁴/ ～命
Shantou (Min Nan)/pʰua²¹³/
Haikou (Min Nan)/fo³⁵/
/fua³⁵/
  • Middle Chinese: /pʰuɑH/
Rime
Character破
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)滂 (2)
Final (韻)戈 (95)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Closed
Division (等)I
Fanqie普過切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/pʰuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun		/pʰuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen		/pʰuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/pʰwaH/
Li
Rong		/pʰuɑH/
Wang
Li		/pʰuɑH/
Bernard
Karlgren		/pʰuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		pò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		po3
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰˤaj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pʰaːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character破
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		pò
Middle
Chinese		‹ phaH ›
Old
Chinese		/*pʰˁaj-s/
Englishbreak (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character破
Reading #1/1
No.9732
Phonetic
component		皮
Rime
group		歌
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		破
Old
Chinese		/*pʰaːls/

Definitions

破

  1. to break; to tear
  2. to break; to break with; to smash
  3. to ruin; to destroy
  4. to rout; to drive out; to drive away; to banish
  5. to remove; to clear; to eliminate; to dispel
  6. to spend; to expend
  7. to cleave (with a tool or hands); to cut open; to split open
  8. to expose; to lay bare; to show up
  9. to break a banknote into small change
  10. broken; worn out; damaged
  11. (colloquial) low-quality; poor; lousy
  12. (slang) to handle; to deal with; to do
    怎麼破？／怎么破？  ―  Zěnme pò?  ―  (slang) What to do?

Synonyms

  • (to smash):
edit
  • 打破 (dǎpò)
  • 打碎 (dǎsuì)
  • 拍破 (Min Nan)
  • 挵破 (Min Nan)
  • 揍 (zòu) (colloquial)
  • 打爛 (Cantonese, Hakka)
  • 整爛／整烂 (Cantonese)
  • 瀉 (Hakka)
  • 砸毀／砸毁 (záhuǐ)
  • 砸爛／砸烂 (zálàn)
  • (to ruin):
edit
Synonyms of 破
  • (to rout):
edit
  • 打倒 (dǎdǎo)
  • 打垮 (dǎkuǎ)
  • 扳倒 (bāndǎo) (figurative)
  • 推翻 (tuīfān)
  • 傾覆／倾覆 (qīngfù)
  • 打敗／打败 (dǎbài)
  • 擊敗／击败 (jībài)
  • 顛覆／颠覆 (diānfù)
  • (to remove):
edit
Synonyms of 破
  • (to spend): 耗費／耗费 (hàofèi), 花費／花费 (huāfèi), 開銷／开销 (kāixiāo), 開支／开支 (kāizhī), (polite) 破費／破费 (pòfèi), 消費／消费 (xiāofèi), (Min Nan) 開舉／开举, (Min Nan) 開用／开用, (Min Nan) 開使用／开使用
  • (to cleave): 劈開／劈开 (pīkāi)
  • (to expose):
edit
Synonyms of 破
  • (broken):
edit
Synonyms of 破
  • (low-quality):
edit
Synonyms of 破

Compounds

Derived terms from 破

Descendants

  • → Thai: ผ่า (pàa)

References

  • “Entry #6400”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

破

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. break
  2. cut

Readings

  • Go-on: は (ha, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: は (ha, Jōyō)
  • Kun: やぶる (yaburu, 破る, Jōyō); やぶれる (yabureru, 破れる, Jōyō)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 破(は)魔(ま) (hama): exorcism
  • 破(は)戒(かい) (hakai): breaking a commandment
  • 破(は)獄(ごく) (hagoku): a jailbreak
  • 破(は)産(さん) (hasan): bankruptcy
  • 破(は)壊(かい) (hakai): destruction
  • 破(は)格(かく) (hakaku): exceptional
  • 破(は)棄(き) (haki): discard
  • 破(は)局(きょく) (hakyoku): catastrophe
  • 破(は)砕(さい) (hasai): crushing
  • 破(は)算(さん) (hasan): a fresh start
  • 破(は)傷(しょう)風(ふう) (hashōfū): tetanus
  • 破(は)船(せん) (hasen): shipwreck
  • 破(は)損(そん) (hason): damage
  • 破(は)綻(たん) (hatan): bankruptcy
  • 破(は)談(だん) (hadan): break off
  • 破(は)天(てん)荒(こう) (hatenkō): unprecedented
  • 破(は)風(ふ) (hafu): gable
  • 破(は)屋(おく) (haoku): a dilapidated house, especially an abandoned one
  • 破(やぶれ)屋(や) (yabureya): a tumbledown or squalid house
  • 破(は)瓜(か) (haka): a sixteen-year-old girl; the breaking of a hymen through sexual intercourse
  • 破(は)滅(めつ) (hametsu): destruction
  • 破(は)門(もん) (hamon): excommunication
  • 破(は)約(やく) (hayaku): cancellation or breaking of a contract
  • 破(は)裂(れつ) (haretsu): explosion
  • 破(は)廉(れん)恥(ち) (harenchi): shameless, scandalous, disgraceful
  • 破(は)城(じょう)槌(つい) (hajōtsui): a battering ram

Korean

Hanja

破 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

破: Hán Nôm readings: phá, vỡ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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