石榴

Chinese

		rock; stone; 10 pecks	pomegranate
simp. and trad. (石榴)		石	榴
alternative forms		石留

Etymology

Short for 安石榴 (ānshíliú); see there for more.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): shíliú
(Zhuyin): ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
(Chengdu, SP): si² niu¹
Cantonese (Jyutping): sek⁶ lau^4-2, sek⁶ lau⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): siit⁶ liu
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sa̍k-liù
Jin (Wiktionary): seh⁵ liou⁴
Min Bei (KCR): sī-liû
Min Dong (BUC): siŏh-lìu
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): sia̍h-liû / siā-liû / sēe-liû / chio̍h-liû / se̍k-liû
(Teochew, Peng'im): siêh⁸ liu⁵ / sioh⁸ liu⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): zaq lieu (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): shr⁶ liou

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shíliú → shíliu (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˊ → ㄕˊ ˙ㄌㄧㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shíhlio̊u
  - Wade–Giles: shih²-liu⁵
  - Yale: shŕ-lyou
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyr.liou
  - Palladius: шилю (šilju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵ ljoʊ̯³⁵/ → /ʂʐ̩³⁵ ljoʊ̯³/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    時流／时流
    石榴
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: si² niu¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sliu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sz̩²¹ niəu⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sek⁶ lau^4-2, sek⁶ lau⁴
  - Yale: sehk láu, sehk làuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sek⁹ lau^4-2, sek⁹ lau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ség⁶ leo^4-2, ség⁶ leo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/, /sɛːk̚² lɐu̯²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: siit⁶ liu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɨt̚⁵ liu²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sa̍k-liù
  - Hakka Romanization System: sag liuˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sag⁶ liu²
  - Sinological IPA: /sak̚⁵ li̯u¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: seh⁵ liou⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /səʔ⁵⁴ liəu²/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sī-liû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /si⁵⁵ liu³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: siŏh-lìu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suoʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃ieu⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Taipei, Tainan, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia̍h-liû
  - Tâi-lô: sia̍h-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siaqliuu
  - IPA (Tainan): /ɕia(ʔ)⁴⁻¹ liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕia(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kinmen): /ɕia(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕia(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ liu²³/
  - IPA (Lukang): /ɕia(ʔ)³⁵⁻² liu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Sanxia, Yilan, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-liû
  - Tâi-lô: siā-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siaxliuu
  - IPA (Yilan): /ɕia³³⁻²¹ liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕia⁴¹⁻²² liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕia²²⁻²¹ liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Penang): /ɕia²¹ liu²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sēe-liû
  - Tâi-lô: sēe-liû
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ²²⁻²¹ liu¹³/
- (Hokkien: rare in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chio̍h-liû
  - Tâi-lô: tsio̍h-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cioiqliuu
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ liu²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ liu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: rare in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se̍k-liû
  - Tâi-lô: si̍k-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: segliuu
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕiɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕiɪk̚⁴⁻³² liu²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: siêh⁸ liu⁵ / sioh⁸ liu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sie̍h liû / sio̍h liû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sieʔ⁴⁻² liu⁵⁵/, /sioʔ⁴⁻² liu⁵⁵/

Note:

siêh8 liu5 - Chaozhou;
sioh8 liu5 - Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zaq lieu (T5)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /z̥a̱ʔ¹¹ liɜ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: shr⁶ liou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʂʐ̩²⁴ liəu³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /sz̩²⁴ liəu³/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑiᴇk̚ lɨu/

Rime
Character	石	榴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	清 (123)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	常隻切	力求切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇk̚/	/lɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛk̚/	/liu/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑiæk̚/	/liəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑiajk̚/	/luw/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛk̚/	/liu/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛk̚/	/lĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛk̚/	/li̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shí	liú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sik⁶	lau⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*djaɡ m·ru/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	石
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shí
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyek ›
Old Chinese	/*dAk/
English	stone
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	石	榴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11470	8886
Phonetic component	石	卯
Rime group	鐸	幽
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	石	劉
Old Chinese	/*djaɡ/	/*m·ru/

Noun

石榴

pomegranate
(Shouguang Mandarin) hawthorn
(Cantonese) guava

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 石榴 (“pomegranate”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		石榴, 丹若, 若榴, 楉榴, 安石榴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		石榴, 安石榴
Taxonomic name		石榴, 安石榴
Mandarin	Beijing	石榴
	Taiwan	石榴
	Harbin	石榴
	Yantai (Muping)	石榴
	Jinan	石榴
	Luoyang	石榴
	Wanrong	石榴
	Xi'an	石榴
	Lanzhou	石榴
	Ürümqi	石榴
	Wuhan	石榴
	Chengdu	石榴
	Guiyang	石榴
	Liuzhou	石榴
	Xuzhou	石榴
	Yangzhou	石榴
	Nanjing	石榴
	Singapore	石榴
	Pematangsiantar	石榴
Cantonese	Guangzhou	石榴, 結子石榴
	Hong Kong	石榴, 結子石榴
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	石榴
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	石榴
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	石榴
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	石榴
	Macau	石榴
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	石榴
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	石榴
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	石榴
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	石榴
	Foshan	石榴
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	石榴
	Foshan (Shunde)	石榴
	Foshan (Sanshui)	石榴
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	石榴
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	石榴
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	石榴
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	花棯
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	花棯
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	花棯
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	花棯
	Taishan	花棯
	Kaiping (Chikan)	花棯
	Enping (Niujiang)	花棯
	Heshan (Yayao)	石榴
	Dongguan	番鬼石榴
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	石榴
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	石榴
	Yangon (Taishan)	石榴
	Mandalay (Taishan)	石榴
Gan	Nanchang	石榴
	Lichuan	石榴
	Pingxiang	石榴
Hakka	Meixian	石榴仔
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	石榴
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	石榴
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	番石榴
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	石榴
	Conghua (Lütian)	石榴
	Yudu	石榴, 石梨
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	石榴仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	石榴仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	石榴
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	石榴
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	石榴仔
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	石榴
	Hong Kong	石榴
	Senai (Huiyang)	石榴
Huizhou	Jixi	石榴
Jin	Taiyuan	石榴
Jin	Xinzhou	石榴兒
Min Bei	Jian'ou	石榴
Min Dong	Fuzhou	石榴
Min Dong	Fuqing	石榴
Min Nan	Xiamen	石榴
	Quanzhou	石榴
	Zhangzhou	石榴
	Taipei	石榴
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	石榴
	Kaohsiung	石榴
	Yilan	石榴
	Changhua (Lukang)	石榴
	Taichung	石榴
	Tainan	石榴
	Hsinchu	石榴
	Kinmen	石榴
	Penghu (Magong)	石榴
	Penang (Hokkien)	石榴
	Jieyang	石榴
	Bangkok (Teochew)	石榴
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	紅花石榴
	Singapore (Teochew)	石榴
	Haikou	石榴
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	石榴
Wu	Shanghai	石榴
	Shanghai (Chongming)	石榴
	Suzhou	石榴
	Danyang	石榴
	Hangzhou	石榴
	Ningbo	石榴, 金猛
	Wenzhou	金櫻
	Jinhua	石榴
Xiang	Changsha	石榴
Xiang	Loudi	石榴

Dialectal synonyms of 番石榴 (“guava”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		番石榴
Taxonomic name		番石榴
Mandarin	Taiwan	芭樂
	Liuzhou	番石榴, 雞屎果
	Nanning (Wuming)	番石榴, 膠棯, 棯仔
Cantonese	Guangzhou	番石榴, 石榴, 雞屎果, 女人狗肉
	Hong Kong	番石榴, 女人狗肉
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	雞屎橘
	Macau	番石榴
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	花棯
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	雞屎果
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	番石榴
	Foshan	雞屎果
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	番棯
	Foshan (Shunde)	花棯
	Foshan (Sanshui)	雞屎果
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	番棯
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	花棯
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	花棯
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	番石榴
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	番石榴
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	番石榴
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	番石榴
	Taishan	番石榴, 花棯
	Kaiping (Chikan)	番石榴
	Enping (Niujiang)	石榴
	Heshan (Yayao)	花棯
	Dongguan	石榴, 花棯, 雞屎橘
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	番石榴
	Yangjiang	花棯子
	Nanning	花棯, 雞屎果
	Wuzhou	石榴
	Yulin	番桃子
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	番桃
	Guiping	番石榴
	Mengshan (Xihe)	番桃
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	番鬼石榴
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	番桃
	Baise	雞果
	Bobai	番石榴
	Lingshan	番桃子
	Pubei	番桃子
	Qinzhou	番桃
	Beihai	番桃
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	番桃子
	Ningming	花棯
	Hengxian	番桃子
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	番桃
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	雞屎果
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	番石榴, 雞屎果
	Móng Cái	番石榴, 雞屎果
Hakka	Meixian	朳仔
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	朳
	Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua)	朳
	Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua)	朳哩
	Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua)	朳仔
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	朳
	Longmen (Pingling Bendihua)	朳哩
	Longmen (Luxi Bendihua)	雞屎朳
	Boluo (Bendihua)	豎朳
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	朳仔
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	朳子
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	朳子
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	朳咧
	Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua)	朳子
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	朳哎
	Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua)	朳哎
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	朳蒂
	Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua)	朳
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	石榴
	Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua)	朳
	Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua)	雞屎朳
	Conghua (Lütian)	雞屎果
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	朳仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	那朳仔, 拉朳仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	朳仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	朳
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	朳仔
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	朳仔
	Mashan (Pianlian)	番桃
	Sabah (Longchuan)	朳仔
	Senai (Huiyang)	朳仔
Min Dong	Fuzhou	番石榴
	Fuqing	番石榴
	Matsu	番石榴
Min Nan	Xiamen	林仔菝
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	林仔菝
	Quanzhou	林仔菝
	Jinjiang	林仔菝
	Yongchun	林囝菝
	Zhangzhou	林仔菝
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	林菝仔, 林仔菝
	Zhangpu	林菝仔
	Yunxiao	林菝
	Zhao'an	番石榴
	Dongshan	番石榴
	Taipei	林仔菝
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	菝仔
	Kaohsiung	林菝仔
	Yilan	菝仔
	Changhua (Lukang)	林仔菝
	Taichung	菝仔
	Taichung (Wuqi)	菝仔
	Tainan	土菝仔, 林菝仔, 林菝
	Taitung	菝仔
	Hsinchu	菝仔
	Kinmen	林仔菝
	Penghu (Magong)	林仔菝, 林菝
	Penang (Hokkien)	染霧
	Singapore (Hokkien)	菝仔, 林仔菝, 貓菝, 木囝
	Manila (Hokkien)	林仔菝
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	番石榴
	Chaozhou	菝囝
	Shantou	番石榴, 菝囝, 木囝
	Shantou (Chenghai)	木囝
	Jieyang	木囝
	Haifeng	菝仔
	Bangkok (Teochew)	木囝
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	木囝
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	冬棯
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	塘呢
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	花棯, 番桃
	Nanning (Shajing)	番桃
	Binyang (Xinqiao)	番桃子
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Chaoyang)	番石榴
	Guilin (Zhuyuan)	番石榴
	Lingchuan (Tanxia)	番石榴
	Yangshuo (Jima)	番石榴
Xiang	Quanzhou	番石榴
Xiang	Guanyang (Wenshi)	番石榴

Derived terms

拜倒石榴裙下 (bàidǎo shíliúqún xià)
番石榴 (fānshíliú)

石榴石 (shíliúshí)
石榴裙 (shíliúqún)

Japanese

石榴 (zakuro, jakuro, sekiryū): young pomegranate trees.

石榴 (zakuro, jakuro, sekiryū): an opened pomegranate fruit.

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
石	榴
じゃく > ざく Grade: 1	る > ろ Hyōgaiji
irregular

Alternative spelling
柘榴

From Middle Chinese 石榴 (MC d͡ʑiᴇk̚ lɨu, literally “stone + pomegranate”). Compare modern Wu reading zaq lieu, Hakka sa̍k-liù.

The zakuro reading is irregular. This may represent a shift in pronunciation from an older borrowing: compare the expected goon reading jakuru. Alternatively, this reading may reflect an ancient sound borrowing, indicating the Zagros Mountains of modern-day Iran, where the pomegranate was originally cultivated.[1]

The spelling 柘榴 is attested in 747 CE.[2] The zakuro reading is attested to at least the late 900s in the 古今和歌六帖 (Kokin Waka Rokujō, “Six Volumes of Waka Poetry of Ancient and Modern Times”).[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ざくろ [záꜜkùrò] (Atamadaka – [1])[3][4][5]
IPA^(key): [d͡za̠kɯ̟ᵝɾo̞]

Noun

石(ざく)榴(ろ) • (zakuro)

[from 747] pomegranate

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ザクロ.

Derived terms

石(ざく)榴(ろ)石(いし) (zakuroishi): garnet (gemstone)
石(ざく)榴(ろ)口(ぐち) (zakuroguchi): a low door used in bathhouses during the Edo period
石(ざく)榴(ろ)ざか (zakurozaka): a rooster's crest or comb that resembles a pomegranate
石(ざく)榴(ろ)草(そう) (zakurosō): Mollugo pentaphylla
石(ざく)榴(ろ)鼻(ばな) (zakurobana): a red swollen nose, often seen on alcoholics

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
石	榴
じゃく Grade: 1	る > ろ Hyōgaiji
goon	irregular

Alternative spelling
若榴

From Middle Chinese 石榴 (MC d͡ʑiᴇk̚ lɨu, literally “stone + pomegranate”). Uses the regular goon reading of jaku for the first character, and the irregular ro reading for the second character instead of the expected goon reading of ru.

The jakuro reading is attested from the mid-1400s.[2] While rare and missing from some dictionaries,[3][5] this reading is attested more recently in a text from the 1960s.[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d͡ʑa̠kɯ̟ᵝɾo̞]

Noun

石(じゃく)榴(ろ) • (jakuro)

[from mid-1400s] (rare) pomegranate

Usage notes

The zakuro reading above is the most common reading for this term.

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
石	榴
せき Grade: 1	りゅう Hyōgaiji
kan’on

/sekiriu/ → /sekirjuː/

From Middle Chinese 石榴 (MC d͡ʑiᴇk̚ lɨu, literally “stone + pomegranate”). Uses the regular kanon reading of both characters.

The sekiriu reading is attested from the mid-1400s.[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) せきりゅう [séꜜkìryùù] (Atamadaka – [1])[3]
IPA^(key): [se̞kʲiɾʲɨᵝː]

Noun

石(せき)榴(りゅう) • (sekiryū) ^{←せきりう (sekiriu)^?}

[from mid-1400s] (uncommon) pomegranate

Usage notes

The zakuro reading above is the most common reading for this term.

Derived terms

石(せき)榴(りゅう)子(し) (sekiryūshi): garnet (gemstone; less common reading than zakuro-ishi above)
石(せき)榴(りゅう)皮(ひ) (sekiryūhi): dried pomegranate, both seeds and skin, used as a treatment for tapeworm

References

清水桂一 (Keiichi Shimizu), editor (1980) たべもの語源辞典 (Tabemono Gogen Jiten, “Etymological Dictionary of Foods”)‎ (in Japanese), 東京堂出版 (Tōkyō-dō Shuppan, “Tokyo Hall Publishing”), →ISBN, archived from the original on 2021-06-06, retrieved 31 October 2016
1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
石	榴

Noun

石榴 • (seongnyu) (hangeul 석류)

Hanja form^? of 석류 (“pomegranate”).

Okinawan

Etymology

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as ざぐら.[1] Appears to be cognate with Japanese 石榴 (zakuro); see that entry for further details.

Noun

石榴 (hiragana ざくら, rōmaji zakura)

pomegranate

References

1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/43

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
石	榴

Noun

石榴

chữ Hán form of thạch lựu (“pomegranate”).

[Shimizu-1] 清水桂一 (Keiichi Shimizu), editor (1980) たべもの語源辞典 (Tabemono Gogen Jiten, “Etymological Dictionary of Foods”)‎ (in Japanese), 東京堂出版 (Tōkyō-dō Shuppan, “Tokyo Hall Publishing”), →ISBN, archived from the original on 2021-06-06, retrieved 31 October 2016

[KDJ-2] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-3] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[SMK5-5] 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[OG-6] 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/43