眾生

眾生

See also: 衆生 and 众生

Chinese

		numerous; multitude; crowd	to be born; to give birth; life to be born; to give birth; life; to grow; student; raw
trad. (眾生/衆生)		眾/衆	生
simp. (众生)		众	生

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhòngshēng

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄕㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zung³ sang¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chung-sên
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): chiòng-seng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng³ sên¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: zhòngshēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄕㄥ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jonqsheng
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhòngsheng
    • IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zung³ sang¹
    • Yale: jung sāng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung³ sang¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung³ seng¹
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ³³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chung-sên
    • Hakka Romanization System: zung sen´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zung⁴ sen¹
    • IPA: /t͡suŋ⁵⁵ sen²⁴/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiòng-seng
    • Tâi-lô: tsiòng-sing
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciorngsefng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɕiɪŋ³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: zêng³ sên¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsèng seⁿ
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sẽ³³/

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• Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕɨuŋ^H  ʃˠæŋ|ʃˠæŋ^H/▼

Rime
Character	眾	生	生
Reading #	2/2	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	生 (21)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	庚 (109)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II	II
Fanqie	之仲切	所庚切	所敬切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨuŋH/	/ʃˠæŋ/	/ʃˠæŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiuŋH/	/ʃᵚaŋ/	/ʃᵚaŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiuŋH/	/ʃaŋ/	/ʃaŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuwŋH/	/ʂaɨjŋ/	/ʂaɨjŋH/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiuŋH/	/ʃɐŋ/	/ʃɐŋH/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭuŋH/	/ʃɐŋ/	/ʃɐŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯uŋH/	/ʂɐŋ/	/ʂɐŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhòng	shēng	shèng

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tuŋ-s  sreŋ|sreŋ|sreŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjuŋs  sʰleːŋ|sreŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	眾	生	生	生
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhòng	shēng	shēng	shēng
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyuwngH ›	‹ sræng ›	‹ sræng ›	‹ srjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ-s/	/*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?)	/*sreŋ/	/*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?)
English	numerous	bear, be born; live	fresh, raw	bear, be born; live
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	眾	生	生
Reading #	2/2	1/2	2/2
No.	17491	11312	11322
Phonetic component	衆	生	生
Rime group	終	耕	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	衆	生	生
Old Chinese	/*tjuŋs/	/*sʰleːŋ/	/*sreŋs/
Notes	甲文象日下三人， 金文或改目下， 表衆人在監督下勞作

Noun

眾生

1. (Buddhism) all living things

   博愛眾生 / 博爱众生  ―  bó'ài zhòngshēng  ―  to universally love all living things

2. the masses
3. all animals, except humans
4. (offensive) bugger

Derived terms

一切眾生／一切众生 普度眾生／普度众生 普渡眾生／普渡众生 普濟眾生／普济众生

眾生好度，人難度／众生好度，人难度 眾生皆有佛性／众生皆有佛性 眾生相／众生相 (zhòngshēngxiàng) 芸芸眾生／芸芸众生 (yúnyúnzhòngshēng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (眾生):

• → Japanese: 衆 (しゅ)生 (じょう) (shujō)
• → Korean: 중생 (衆生/眾生, jungsaeng)
• → Vietnamese: chúng sinh (眾生)