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单词 直
释义

直

See also: 真
直 U+76F4, 直
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76F4
← 盳
[U+76F3]		CJK Unified Ideographs盵 →
[U+76F5]

直 U+FAA8, 直
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAA8
← 盛
[U+FAA7]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs睊 →
[U+FAA9]
直 U+2F940, 直
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F940
← 䀈
[U+2F93F]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement𥃳 →
[U+2F941]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order
(Japan)
Stroke order (Japan)

Alternative forms

Note the different forms, which differ in two respects: both Simplified and Traditional do not have a left vertical stroke, while the orthodox form has a left vertical stroke; and in simplified form, the top component is connected with the bottom, while in the orthodox they are separated – this last difference is shared with unrelated characters 真 and 具. The older form and stroke order are officially used in Japan but an alternative writing in other countries.

Han character

Japanese直
Simplified直
Traditional直

直 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十月一一 (JBMM), four-corner 40716, composition ⿱十⿴𠀃三(GH) or ⿱𠂇⿴𠀃三(TV) or ⿱𠂇⿺𠃊目(JK))

Derived characters

  • 値, 值, 𠶗, 埴, 𡸜, 𢃜, 𢏶, 徝, 㥀, 㨁, 淔, 植, 殖, 𤊧, 犆, 禃, 䐈, 稙, 𫌁, 𡖻, 𨁷, 𫒦, 𥊣, 𫗾, 𫤁, 𤣡
  • 𬑚, 𪧡, 𧡚, 𭅨, 𥊢, 𭅬, 真, 𡌴, 悳, 惪, 嗭, 𫹦, 矗, 𡸽, 𣇣, 𠁆, 置, 𠍜, 𥮖, 𪠋, 𭼔

See also

  • 具

References

  • KangXi: page 800, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23136
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1215, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 61, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+76F4
  • Unihan data for U+FAA8
  • Unihan data for U+2F940

Chinese

simp. and trad.
直
2nd round simp.𰅰
alternative forms⿱十且 1981

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 直
ShangWestern ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (直) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
置*tɯɡs
值*dɯɡs, *dɯɡ
植*dɯɡs, *djɯɡ
埴*tʰjɯɡs, *djɯɡ
惪*tɯːɡ
德*tɯːɡ
稙*tɯɡ
淔*tʰɯɡ
直*dɯɡ
犆*dɯɡ
殖*djɯɡ

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 目 (“eye”) + 丨 (“vertical stroke”) – vertical stroke above the eye; looking straight ahead.

The line on the side appears in bronze script and subsequently stretched under the 目 shape, while the traditional form appears in seal script.

Etymology

"simply; only"
According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with 特 (OC *dɯːɡ, “single”). Also compare Darmiya taku (“one”).
"straight; right"
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”), which also includes 正 (OC *tjeŋ, “first (lunar month)”), 正 (OC *tjeŋs, “straight; correct”), 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “government; rule”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”). Cognates include Tibetan ཏིག་ཏིག (tig tig, “certainly”), Mizo dik (“correct”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *N-d(y)ak (“truly; very; intensitive”). An allofam is probably 德 (OC *tɯːɡ, “virtue”) (Schuessler, 2007).
“heterosexual”
Semantic loan from English straight.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): zhí (zhi2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˊ
    (Chengdu, SP): zi2
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җы (žɨ, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): zik6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zet5
  • Gan (Wiktionary): ciit7
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ̍t
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ced6
  • Jin (Wiktionary): zeh5
  • Min Bei (KCR): dā̤
  • Min Dong (BUC): dĭk
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): ti̍t / te̍k / tia̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dig8 / dêg8
  • Wu (Wiktionary): zeq (T5)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): zhi6
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: zhí
      • Zhuyin: ㄓˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: jhíh
      • Wade–Giles: chih2
      • Yale: jŕ
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyr
      • Palladius: чжи (čži)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: zi2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: z
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sz̩²¹/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җы (žɨ, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: zik6
      • Yale: jihk
      • Cantonese Pinyin: dzik9
      • Guangdong Romanization: jig6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɪk̚²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: zet5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡set̚³²/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: ciit7
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɨt̚²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̍t
      • Hakka Romanization System: ciid
      • Hagfa Pinyim: cid6
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨt̚⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ced6
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰət̚⁵/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: zeh5
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səʔ⁵⁴/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dā̤
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tɛ⁵⁵/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: dĭk
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tiʔ⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ti̍t
      • Tâi-lô: ti̍t
      • Phofsit Daibuun: dit
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tit̚⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tit̚¹²¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tit̚²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: te̍k
      • Tâi-lô: ti̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: dek
      • IPA (Xiamen): /tiɪk̚⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɪk̚¹²¹/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tia̍k
      • Tâi-lô: tia̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: diak
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiak̚²⁴/
Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou:
    • ti̍t - vernacular;
    • tia̍k/te̍k - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: dig8 / dêg8
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ti̍k / te̍k
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tik̚⁴/, /tek̚⁴/
Note:
  • dig8 - Chaozhou and Shantou;
  • dêg8 - Jieyang.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: zeq (T5)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /z̥əʔ¹²/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: zhi6
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂi²⁴/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /t͡ɕi²⁴/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
直
MandarinBeijing/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
Jinan/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao/tʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xining/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Yinchuan/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Ürümqi/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Wuhan/t͡sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu/t͡sz̩³¹/
Guiyang/t͡sz̩²¹/
Kunming/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
Hefei/ʈ͡ʂəʔ⁵/
JinTaiyuan/t͡səʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao/ʈ͡ʂʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot/t͡səʔ⁴³/
WuShanghai/zəʔ¹/
Suzhou/zəʔ³/
Hangzhou/d͡zəʔ²/
Wenzhou/d͡zei²¹³/
HuiShexian/t͡ɕʰi²²/
Tunxi/t͡ɕʰi¹¹/
XiangChangsha/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiangtan/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵/
GanNanchang/t͡sʰɨʔ²/
HakkaMeixian/t͡sʰət̚⁵/
Taoyuan/tʃʰït̚⁵⁵/
CantoneseGuangzhou/t͡sek̚²/
Nanning/t͡sek̚²²/
Hong Kong/t͡sɐk̚²/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/tik̚⁵/
/tit̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/tiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/tɛ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/tik̚⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/ʔdit̚³/
/t͡sek̚⁵/
  • Middle Chinese: /ɖɨk̚/
Rime
Character直
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)澄 (11)
Final (韻)蒸 (134)
Tone (調)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie除力切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ɖɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		/ɖɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		/ȡiek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ɖik̚/
Li
Rong		/ȡiək̚/
Wang
Li		/ȡĭək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ȡʱi̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		zhí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		zik6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-t<r>ək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*dɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character直
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		zhí
Middle
Chinese		‹ drik ›
Old
Chinese		/*N-t<r>ək/
Englishstraight

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character直
Reading #1/1
No.17269
Phonetic
component		直
Rime
group		職
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		直
Old
Chinese		/*dɯɡ/
Notes金文象目測枉材以取直而會意

Definitions

直

  1. straight; linear; undeviating
    直線／直线  ―  zhíxiàn  ―  straight line
    Antonyms: 彎／弯 (wān), 彎曲／弯曲 (wānqū), (Cantonese) 攣
  2. to straighten
  3. vertical; upright; erect
  4. honest; fair
  5. straightforward; forthright; frank
  6. directly; straight
    直去  ―  zhíqù  ―  to go directly to
  7. intentionally; deliberately
  8. † only; just
    • 直不百步耳，是亦走也。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
      From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
      Zhí bù bǎi bù ěr, shì yì zǒu yě. [Pinyin]
      They just did not run a hundred paces; yet they also ran away.
    Synonym: 只 (zhǐ)
  9. (Chinese calligraphy) vertical stroke in Chinese characters
  10. † Alternative form of 值 (zhí, “to be worth”).
    • 今有布一匹，價直一百二十五。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      今有布一匹，价直一百二十五。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: 《九章算術》 (The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art), 衰分 (Proportional distribution)
      Jīn yǒu bù yī pǐ, jiàzhí yībǎi èrshíwǔ. [Pinyin]
      Now there exists one piece of cloth; its value is worth one hundred twenty-five.
  11. constantly
  12. (slang) straight; heterosexual
    直男  ―  zhínán  ―  heterosexual man
    Antonym: 彎／弯 (wān), (Cantonese) 攣
  13. (historical) Short for 直隸／直隶 (Zhílì, “Zhili”).
    直系軍閥／直系军阀  ―  Zhí xì jūnfá  ―  the Zhili faction (of the Beiyang warlords)
  14. a surname

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 豎 (“vertical; upright”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)豎
MandarinBeijing豎
Jinan豎
Xi'an豎, 順, 立
Wuhan豎, 直
Chengdu豎, 立
Guiyang豎, 直
Yangzhou豎
Hefei豎
CantoneseGuangzhou掂, 戙
Hong Kong直, 掂, 戙
Yangjiang掂, 直
GanNanchang敦, 直
HakkaMeixian直
JinTaiyuan豎
Min BeiJian'ou直
Min DongFuzhou直, 徛
Min NanXiamen徛
Chaozhou徛, 直
WuSuzhou直, 豎
Wenzhou豎
XiangChangsha敦, 直
Shuangfeng敦, 直
Dialectal synonyms of 豎 (“a vertical stroke (㇑)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)豎
MandarinBeijing豎
Taiwan豎
Tianjin豎兒
Chengde豎兒
Tangshan豎, 直
Cangzhou豎
Baoding豎兒
Shijiazhuang豎
Chifeng豎
Hulunbuir (Hailar)豎
Heihe豎兒, 直
Qiqihar豎兒
Harbin豎兒
Jiamusi豎兒
Baicheng豎
Changchun豎兒
Tonghua豎兒
Shenyang豎
Dandong豎
Jinzhou豎兒, 豎, 直
Dalian豎兒
Yantai豎兒
Qingdao豎兒
Lijin豎
Zhucheng豎
Jinan豎
Jining豎
Shangqiu豎
Yuanyang直道兒
Zhengzhou豎
Lingbao豎
Xinyang豎, 直
Baihe豎, 直
Hanzhong豎, 直
Xi'an豎, 直
Baoji豎
Yinchuan豎, 直
Tianshui豎
Lanzhou豎, 直
Dunhuang豎
Xining豎, 直
Hami豎
Ürümqi豎, 直
Wuhan豎, 直
Yichang豎, 直
Xiangyang豎, 直
Tianmen豎, 直
Hong'an豎
Chengdu豎, 直
Dazhou豎
Hanyuan豎
Xichang豎
Zigong豎
Chongqing筆
Guiyang豎, 直
Zunyi豎
Bijie豎
Liping豎
Zhaotong直
Dali直
Kunming豎, 直
Mengzi豎
Guilin直
Liuzhou豎, 直
Jishou豎
Changde直
Anqing直
Xuzhou豎兒
Fuyang豎, 直
Wuhu豎, 直
Yangzhou豎, 直
Lianyungang豎
Lianshui豎
Nanjing豎, 直
Hefei豎, 直
Nantong豎, 直
CantoneseGuangzhou戙
Hong Kong戙
GanLichuan直
Pingxiang直
HakkaYudu直
HuizhouShexian豎
JinTaiyuan豎
Yangyuan豎
Datong豎
Xinzhou豎
Lishi豎
Linfen豎
Changzhi豎
Linhe豎
Jining豎, 直
Hohhot豎
Erenhot豎
Pingshan豎
Zhangjiakou豎
Handan豎, 直
Linzhou豎
Suide豎, 直
Min DongFuzhou直
Fuqing直, 豎
Min NanXiamen徛
Zhangzhou徛
WuNingbo直
XiangLoudi直

Compounds

Derived terms from 直

References

  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02759
  • “Entry #4389”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

直

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. straight

Readings

  • Go-on: じき (jiki, Jōyō)←ぢき (diki, historical); じか (jika)←ぢか (dika, historical)
  • Kan-on: ちょく (choku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ただちに (tadachini, 直ちに, Jōyō); なおす (naosu, 直す, Jōyō)←なほす (nafosu, historical); なおる (naoru, 直る, Jōyō)←なほる (naforu, historical); あたい (atai, 直)←あたひ (atafi, historical); すぐ (sugu, 直ぐ); すぐ (sugu, 直); なおき (naoki, 直き)←なほき (nafoki, historical); じか (jika, 直); ひた (hita, 直)
  • Nanori: すぐ (sugu); なおい (naoi); のう (nō); のお (nō)

Compounds

  • 直(ちょっ)径(けい) (chokkei, “diameter”)
  • 直(ちょっ)角(かく)三(さん)角(かっ)形(けい) (chokkaku-sankakkei, “right triangle”)
  • 直(ちょく)流(りゅう) (chokuryū, “direct current”)
  • 直(ちょっ)感(かん) (chokkan, “intuition”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
直
じか
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Sound change from jiki.[1]

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Prefix

直(じか) • (jika-) 

  1. directly
    Synonym: 直接 (chokusetsu)
  • 直(じか)に (jika ni)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 直 – see the following entry.
【なお】
[adjective] common, ordinary, straight
[adverb] normally, usually
(This term, 直, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
直
ちょく
Grade: 2
kan’on

Adjective

直(ちょく) • (choku) †-tari (adnominal 直(ちょく)たる (choku taru), adverbial 直(ちょく)と (choku to) or 直(ちょく)として (choku to shite))

  1. direct, straight, frank

Adjective

直(ちょく) • (choku) -na (adnominal 直(ちょく)な (choku na), adverbial 直(ちょく)に (choku ni))

  1. sincere, straightforward, proper, frank
  2. simple, not extravagant, not expensive, less formal
    Synonyms: 安直 (anchoku), 手軽 (tegaru), 安価 (anka)

Verb

直(ちょく)する • (choku suru) suru (stem 直(ちょく)し (choku shi), past 直(ちょく)した (choku shita))

  1. to do one's duty, be on duty
Conjugation
Conjugation of "直する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)直しちょくしchoku shi
Continuative (連用形)直しちょくしchoku shi
Terminal (終止形)直するちょくするchoku suru
Attributive (連体形)直するちょくするchoku suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)直すれちょくすれchoku sure
Imperative (命令形)直せよ¹
直しろ²		ちょくせよ¹
ちょくしろ²		choku seyo¹
choku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive直されるちょくされるchoku sareru
Causative直させる
直さす		ちょくさせる
ちょくさす		choku saseru
choku sasu
Potential直できるちょくできるchoku dekiru
Volitional直しようちょくしようchoku shiyō
Negative直しないちょくしないchoku shinai
Negative continuative直せずちょくせずchoku sezu
Formal直しますちょくしますchoku shimasu
Perfective直したちょくしたchoku shita
Conjunctive直してちょくしてchoku shite
Hypothetical conditional直すればちょくすればchoku sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References

  1. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

直 (eumhun 곧을 직 (godeul jik))

  1. Hanja form? of 직 (“straight”).

Miyako

Kanji

直

  • Kun: すぐ (直ぐ, sugu)

Vietnamese

Han character

直: Hán Nôm readings: trực

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Yaeyama

Kanji

直

  • Kun: しぃぐ (直ぐ, sïgu)

Yonaguni

Kanji

直

  • Kun: ちく゚ (直く゚, chingu)
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