皇
|
Translingual
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Stroke order (Japan) | |||
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Han character
皇 (Kangxi radical 106, 白+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹日一土 (HAMG), four-corner 26104, composition ⿱白王)
Derived characters
- 喤, 堭, 媓, 崲, 徨, 惶, 揘, 湟, 隍, 𣈷, 楻, 煌, 瑝, 遑, 䄓, 䅣, 䊗, 𬗬, 艎, 蝗, 諻(𬤍), 䞹, 鍠(锽), 韹, 䬖, 餭(𫗮), 騜(𫘩), 鰉(鳇), 䑟, 皝, 皩, 䳨(𬸛), 葟, 篁, 凰, 𡈁, 㾮
References
- KangXi: page 786, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22701
- Dae Jaweon: page 1201, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2645, character 1
- Unihan data for U+7687
Chinese
simp. and trad. | 皇 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 𤽙 𤽚 𤽢 𤽧 𦤃 𤽙 𤽚 𤽢 𤽧 𦤃 𦤍 𦤐 |
Glyph origin
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
皇 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
惶 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
遑 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
堭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
煌 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
餭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
騜 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
艎 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
隍 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
湟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
徨 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
篁 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
蝗 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs |
凰 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
偟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
媓 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
韹 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
葟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
皝 | *ɡʷaːŋʔ |
汪 | *qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ |
尪 | *qʷaːŋ |
迋 | *kʷaŋʔ, *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
逛 | *kʷaŋʔ |
誑 | *kʷaŋs, *ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs |
匡 | *kʰʷaŋ |
筐 | *kʰʷaŋ |
框 | *kʰʷaŋ |
眶 | *kʰʷaŋ |
誆 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
邼 | *kʰʷaŋ |
恇 | *kʰʷaŋ |
劻 | *kʰʷaŋ |
洭 | *kʰʷaŋ |
軭 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ |
狂 | *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
軖 | *ɡʷaŋ |
鵟 | *ɡʷaŋ |
俇 | *ɡʷaŋʔ |
王 | *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
蚟 | *ɢʷaŋ |
彺 | *ɢʷaŋ |
旺 | *ɢʷaŋs |
諻 | *qʰʷraːŋ |
喤 | *qʰʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
瑝 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
鍠 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
揘 | *ɡʷaŋ |
Pictogram (象形) ― a lit oil lamp. The derivative 煌 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ) refers to the original word.
Later developed into a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) : semantic 白 (“flame”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs).
Etymology
Bodman (1980) proposes a connection with 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ) "king" (see there for more information).
Pronunciation
Definitions
皇
- magnificent
- emperor; sovereign; ruler; superior
- royal; imperial; august
- a surname
Compounds
|
|
|
Descendants
- → Japanese: 皇 (ō); 皇 (kō)
- → Korean: 황(皇) (hwang)
- → Vietnamese: hoàng (皇)
References
- “皇”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Go-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)←わう (wau, historical)
- Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←くわう (kwau, historical)
- Kun: きみ (kimi, 皇); すめ (sume, 皇); すべ (sube); すめら (sumera); すべら (subera); すべらぎ (suberagi, 皇); すめらぎ (sumeragi, 皇)
Compounds
- 皇子 (miko)
- 皇女 (miko)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
皇 |
こう Grade: 6 |
kan’on |
/kʷau/ → /kʷɔː/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC ɦwɑŋ).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Kan’on
- IPA(key): [ko̞ː]
Affix
皇 • (kō) ←くわう (kwau)?
- Creator
- monarch, ruler, sovereign
- emperor, mikado, tenno
- Japan, Japanese
Derived terms
- 皇位 (kōi)
- 皇威 (kōi)
- 皇胤 (kōin)
- 皇運 (kōun)
- 皇裔 (kōei)
- 皇恩 (kōon)
- 皇化 (kōka)
- 皇家 (kōka)
- 皇華 (kōka)
- 皇学 (kōgaku)
- 皇嘉門 (Kōkamon)
- 皇漢 (Kōkan)
- 皇侃 (Kōkan)
- 皇基 (kōki)
- 皇紀 (Kōki)
- 皇宮 (kōkyū)
- 皇居 (kōkyo)
- 皇宮 (kōgū)
- 皇軍 (kōgun)
- 皇系 (kōkei)
- 皇継 (kōkei)
- 皇闕 (kōketsu)
- 皇后 (kōgō)
- 皇后宮 (kōgōgū)
- 皇考 (kōkō)
- 皇国 (kōkoku)
- 皇嗣 (kōshi)
- 皇子 (kōshi)
- 皇師 (kōshi)
- 皇室 (kōshitsu)
- 皇寿 (kōju)
- 皇女 (kōjo)
- 皇上 (kōjō)
- 皇城 (kōjō)
- 皇庶子 (kōshoshi)
- 皇親 (kōshin)
- 皇曽孫 (kōsōson)
- 皇籍 (kōseki)
- 皇祖 (kōso)
- 皇祚 (kōso)
- 皇宗 (kōsō)
- 皇族 (kōzoku)
- 皇祖考 (kōsokō)
- 皇祖妣 (kōsohi)
- 皇孫 (kōson)
- 皇太后 (kōtaigō)
- 皇太子 (kōtaishi)
- 皇大神 (Kōtaijin)
- 皇太孫 (kōtaison)
- 皇太弟 (kōtaitei)
- 皇太妃 (kōtaihi)
- 皇太夫人 (kōtaifujin)
- 皇沢 (kōtaku)
- 皇儲 (kōcho)
- 皇張 (kōchō)
- 皇朝 (Kōchō)
- 皇長子 (kōchōshi)
- 皇帝 (kōtei)
- 皇弟 (kōtei)
- 皇天 (kōten)
- 皇典 (kōten)
- 皇図 (kōto)
- 皇土 (kōdo)
- 皇都 (kōto)
- 皇統 (kōtō)
- 皇道 (kōdō)
- 皇妃 (kōhi)
- 皇妣 (kōhi)
- 皇風 (kōfū)
- 皇別 (kōbetsu)
- 皇謨 (kōbo)
- 皇民 (kōmin)
- 皇猶子 (kōyūshi)
- 皇輿 (kōyo)
- 皇陵 (kōryō)
- 皇霊 (kōrei)
- 教皇 (kyōkō)
- 三皇 (Sankō)
- 上皇 (jōkō)
- 女皇 (jokō)
- 先皇 (senkō)
- 倉皇 (sōkō)
- 地皇 (Chikō)
- 張皇 (chōkō)
- 儲皇 (chokō)
- 天皇 (Tenkō)
Proper noun
皇 • (Kō) ←くわう (kwau)?
- a unisex given name
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
皇 |
おう Grade: 6 |
goon |
/wau/ → /wɔː/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC ɦwɑŋ).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Goon
- IPA(key): [o̞ː]
Affix
皇 • (ō) ←わう (wau)?
- emperor, mikado, tenno
Derived terms
- 皇侃 (Ōgan)
- 皇帝 (Ōdai)
- 皇子 (ōji)
- 皇女 (ōjo)
- 皇城 (ōjō)
- 皇麞 (Ōjō)
- 教皇 (kyōō)
- 先皇 (sen'ō)
- 法皇 (hōō)
- 勤皇 (kinnō)
- 人皇 (jinnō)
- 新皇 (shinnō)
- 先皇 (sennō)
- 尊皇 (sonnō)
- 天皇 (tennō)
- 人皇 (ninnō)
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
皇 |
すべ Grade: 6 |
kun’yomi |
/sume/ → /sube/
From Old Japanese, as a shift from older sume.[1]
Previously thought to be derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of Old Japanese verb 統ぶ (subu), modern 統べる (suberu, “to control, to govern, to rule”). However, later research into ancient phonetic spellings clarified that the be portion of the verb was realized as ⟨be2⟩. During the Old Japanese stage, ⟨be2⟩ could only have derived phonetically from ⟨me2⟩, and not from the ⟨me1⟩ syllable of the noun.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sɨᵝbe̞]
Prefix
皇 • (sube-)
- (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):
- divine, godly, heavenly
- imperial, royal, august
Derived terms
- 皇神 (subegami)
- 天皇 (suberagi)
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
皇 |
すめ Grade: 6 |
kun’yomi |
⟨sume1⟩ → */sumʲe/ → /sume/
From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sɨᵝme̞]
Prefix
皇 • (sume-)
- (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):
- divine, godly, heavenly
- imperial, royal, august
Derived terms
- すめいろと (sumeiroto)
- 皇大神 (Sume-ōkami)
- 皇神 (sumegami)
- 皇御祖 (sumemioya)
- 皇子 (sumemiko)
- 皇御孫, 皇孫 (sumemima)
Etymology 5
Kanji in this term |
---|
皇 |
すべら Grade: 6 |
kun’yomi |
From the prefix 皇 (sube-, see above) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sɨᵝbe̞ɾa̠]
Prefix
皇 • (subera-)
- (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):
- divine, godly, heavenly
- imperial, royal, august
Derived terms
- 皇神 (suberagami)
- 天皇 (suberagi)
Etymology 6
Kanji in this term |
---|
皇 |
すめら Grade: 6 |
kun’yomi |
From the prefix 皇 (sume-) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sɨᵝme̞ɾa̠]
Prefix
皇 • (sumera-)
- (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):
- divine, godly, heavenly
- imperial, royal, august
Derived terms
- 天皇 (sumeragi)
- 皇御軍 (sumeramikusa)
- 皇御国 (sumeramikuni)
- 天皇, 皇尊 (sumeramikoto)
Proper noun
皇 • (Sumera)
- a female given name
Etymology 7
Kanji in this term |
---|
皇 |
すべらぎ Grade: 6 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
天皇 |
/sumeraɡi/ → /suberaɡi/
Shift from sumeragi below, with the nasal /m/ becoming a plosive /b/.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sɨᵝbe̞ɾa̠ɡʲi]
Noun
皇 • (suberagi)
- (archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan
Derived terms
- 皇の花 (suberagi no hana)
- 今皇 (ima suberagi)
- 法の皇 (nori no suberagi)
Etymology 8
Kanji in this term |
---|
皇 |
すめらぎ Grade: 6 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
天皇 |
⟨sume1ro2ki1⟩ → */sumʲerəkʲi/ → */sumeraki/ → /sumeraɡi/
Possibly a shift from Old Japanese 天皇 (sume1ro2ki1).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sɨᵝme̞ɾa̠ɡʲi]
Noun
皇 • (sumeragi)
- (archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan
Proper noun
皇 • (Sumeragi)
- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 9
Various nanori readings.
Proper noun
皇 • (Kimi)
- a female given name
皇 • (Kirari)
- a female given name
皇 • (Tadasu)
- a unisex given name
皇 • (Miyuki)
- a female given name
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC ɦwɑŋ).
Historical readings |
---|
|
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [황]
Hanja
Wikisource皇 (eumhun 임금 황 (imgeum hwang))
- Hanja form? of 황 (“king; monarch; ruler”).
Compounds
- 황후 (皇后, hwanghu)
- 황제 (皇帝, hwangje)
- 천황 (天皇, cheonhwang)
- 교황 (敎皇, gyohwang)
- 황태후 (皇太后, hwangtaehu)
- 태황태후 (太皇太后, taehwangtaehu)
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 皇.
Historical readings |
---|
|
Hanja
皇 (eumhun 엄숙할 왕 (eomsukhal wang))
- (archaic) Hanja form? of 왕 (“to be solemn”).
- 1567, 선조소경대왕실록 (宣祖昭敬大王實錄), 즉위년 십월 (卽位年 十月):
- 卿之下去, 適在皇皇罔極之中, 未及察之。
- 경지하거, 적재왕왕망극지중, 미급찰지. (Gyeongjihageo, jeokjaewang'wangmanggeukjijung, migeupchalji.)
- The noble official descended, heads towards solemnness that is boundless in the middle, not able to investigate it.
-
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
皇: Hán Việt readings: hoàng (
皇: Nôm readings: hoàng[1][3][5], huỳnh[3]
- chữ Hán form of hoàng (“emperor”).
Compounds
- 三皇五帝 (Tam Hoàng Ngũ Đế)
- 俄皇 (Nga hoàng)
- 堂皇 (đàng hoàng)
- 天皇 (thiên hoàng)
- 太皇太后 (thái hoàng thái hậu)
- 女皇 (nữ hoàng)
- 婆皇 (bà hoàng)
- 教皇 (giáo hoàng)
- 日皇 (Nhật hoàng)
- 沙皇 (sa hoàng)
- 玉皇 (Ngọc Hoàng)
- 皇上 (hoàng_thượng)
- 皇后 (hoàng hậu)
- 皇太后 (hoàng thái hậu)
- 皇子 (hoàng tử)
- 皇家 (hoàng gia)
- 皇帝 (hoàng_đế)
- 皇族 (hoàng tộc)
References
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Bonet (1899).
- Génibrel (1898).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).