百姓
Chinese
| hundred | surname; family name; name | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (百姓) | 百 | 姓 | |
| simp. #(百姓) | 百 | 姓 | |
| Literally: “hundred surnames”. | |||
Etymology
Earliest attested in the Zhou dynasty's texts (also written as 百生 (bǎixìng ~ bǎishēng) on some bronze inscriptions);[1] further linked to the expression 多生 (duōshēng) on the oracle bone inscriptions.[2]
Pronunciation
(Can we verify(+) this pronunciation?)
Noun
百姓
- the common people; the masses; ordinary citizens
- 愚昧百姓 ― yúmèi bǎixìng ― to keep the common people in the dark
- 群黎百姓、徧為爾德。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Qúnlí bǎixìng, biàn wéi ěr dé. [Pinyin]
- The black-haired populace – the hundred clans – universally practise your virtue.
群黎百姓、徧为尔德。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 憂心如酲、誰秉國成？不自為政、卒勞百姓。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Yōuxīn rú chéng, shéi bǐng guóchéng? Bù zì wéizhèng, zú láo bǎixìng. [Pinyin]
- My heart grieves, as though drunken; who's presiding over the state's ordering? (The king) himself governs not, and ends up wearing out the hundred clans.
忧心如酲、谁秉国成？不自为政、卒劳百姓。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 奴才替天下百姓感激皇太后恩典！ [MSC, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Firmament of the Pleiades
- Núcái tì tiānxià bǎixìng gǎnjī huángtàihòu ēndiǎn! [Pinyin]
- I, on behalf of the people throughout the world, [hereby] express my gratitude for the kindness of the empress dowager!
- (obsolete, Classical Chinese) all kinds of government officials
- 九族既睦，平章百姓。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
- Jiǔzú jì mù, píngzhāng bǎixìng. [Pinyin]
- The nine family branches were then close kin; the [nobles officials of the] hundred surnames were made even and distinguished.
- 一人刑善，百姓休和。可不務乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
- Yīrén xíng shàn, bǎixìng xiūhé. Kě bù wù hū? [Pinyin]
- One person took the good as model, and there was calm and harmony among the hundred clans. Can one do anything other than strive for it?
一人刑善，百姓休和。可不务乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
- (common people):
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Synonyms of 百姓
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- (all kinds of government officials):
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Derived terms
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (百姓):
- → Japanese: 百姓 (hyakushō); 百姓 (hakusei); 百姓 (hyakusei); 百姓 (hyakusō)
- → Korean: 백성(百姓) (baekseong)
- → Vietnamese: bá tánh (百姓), bách tính (百姓)
Others:
- → Vietnamese: trăm họ (calque)
- → Zhuang: beksingq
References
- Vogt, Nick, “Between Kin and King: Social Aspects of Western Zhou Ritual” (Ph.D. dissertation: Columbia University, 2012). pp. 44, 52-54 doi: 10.7916/D82231V3
- Crone, Thomas. (2016). The semantic change of the word min 民 in texts of the Eastern Zhou Period (771–221 BC). Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques. 70. p. 693, fn. 42. doi: 10.5167/uzh-151500
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 百 | 姓 |
| ひゃく Grade: 1 | しょう Grade: S |
| goon | |
From Middle Chinese compound 百姓 (paek sjengH, literally “hundred clans”). Compare modern Hakka 百姓 (pak-siang).[1]
The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.
First cited to the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) in a portion dated to 701 CE.[1]
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) ひゃくしょー [hyàk
úshóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [3])[2] - IPA(key): [ça̠kɯ̟̊ᵝɕo̞ː]
Noun
百姓 • (hyakushō) ←ひやくしやう (fyakusyau)?
- [from circa 1120] (historical or derogatory) a farmer; a peasant; the peasantry in general
- Synonyms: 農民, 農家
- きさま、百姓の生まれだな？
- Kisama, hyakushō no umare da na?
- You are from a peasant family, aren't you?
- [1731] (derogatory) country bumpkin
- [from 1759] (historical) in reference to the Edo period, short for 本百姓 (honbyakushō, “the hundred commoner families”, a class of farmers with specific rights and responsibilities)
- [from 701] (archaic) commoners, the common people; the masses; ordinary citizens
- Synonyms: 公民, 民衆
Synonyms
- (the people): 大御宝 (ōmitakara) (poetic)
- (bumpkin): 田舎者 (inakamono)
Idioms
Idioms
- 百姓と楽しみを同じゅうす (hyakushō to tanoshimi o onajūsu): “taking one's pleasure the same as a commoner” → a lord must know the joys and pains of the people
- 百姓と油は絞るほど出る (hyakushō to abura wa shiboru hodo deru): “commoners and oil [sources] give more the harder you squeeze” → the more you demand of the people, the more you get. Compare blood from a stone of roughly opposite meaning.
- 百姓の泣き言と医者の手柄話 (hyakushō no nakigoto to isha no tegarabanashi): “the complaints of the peasants and the boasting of the doctors” → a contrast between peasants complaining of poor harvests in a bid to reduce their tax liabilities, against the feats of doctors who will do their utmost to treat even a terminal patient: by extension, an exhortation to put in 101% without grumbling about it
- 百姓の去年物語 (hyakushō no kozo monogatari): “a peasant's tale of last year” → alluding to how peasants would often claim that last year's harvest was better than this year, in a bid to reduce their tax liabilities
- 百姓の作り倒れ (hyakushō no tsukuridaore): “a peasant's manufactured collapse” → describing how peasants working too hard can result in too much produce on the market, causing a price collapse and sizable losses: to be one's own undoing, to defeat oneself by working too hard
- 百姓の秋大名 (hyakushō no aki daimyō): “a peasant's autumn lord” → a metaphor for how the autumn season following the harvest is a time of bounty for commoners
- 百姓の所務分けで田分け尽くす (hyakushō no shomuwake de tawake tsukusu): “splitting up a commoner's inheritance amounts to a parceling out of fields / to complete nonsense” → a pun on the reading tawake for both 田分け (“splitting up fields”) and 戯け (“nonsense”), based on how dividing up fields for every generation's inheritance ultimately leads to very small plots and inefficient farming
- 百姓の人を斬ったよう (hyakushō no hito o kitta yō): “like cutting a commoner” → a big commotion
- 百姓の雁を押さえたよう (hyakushō no gan o osaeta yō): “like holding down a commoner's goose” → a big commotion
- 百姓の息が天に昇る (hyakushō no iki ga ten ni noboru): “a commoner's breath [i.e. spirit] can reach heaven” → where there's a will, there's a way, no matter how weak
- 百姓の不作話と商人の損話 (hyakushō no fusakubanashi to akindo no sonbanashi): “peasants' talk of poor harvests and merchants' talk of business losses” → farmers and businessmen always grumble about how things aren't going well
- 百姓の万能 (hyakushō no bannō): “a commoner's all-around abilities” → alluding to how a peasant (now farmer) had to be self-reliant and a jack-of-all-trades
- 百姓百色 (ひゃくしょう ひゃく いろ): “a hundred commoners, a hundred colors” → the word "commoners" might be a collective noun, but the people included in that category are various and sundry
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 百姓一揆 (hyakushō ikki): a peasants' revolt or uprising
- 百姓請け, 百姓請 (hyakushō uke): a kind of tax system in the medieval period, whereby local influential families would undertake local tax administration on behalf of the lord
- 百姓往来 (hyakushō ōrai): educational materials for commoners' children
- 百姓仕事 (hyakushō shigoto): commoners' work, farm work
- 百姓代 (hyakushō dai): during the Edo period, the administrative head, advocate, and representative of a village's commoners
- 百姓分 (hyakushō bun): the commoner class, the peasant or agricultural caste
- 百姓家, 百姓屋 (hyakushō ya): a commoner's house, a farmhouse
- 百姓読み, 百姓読 (hyakushō yomi): reading kanji in one's own way, guessing the reading and/or meaning for each character based on its shape or component elements
- 浦百姓 (urabyakushō)
- 大百姓 (ōbyakushō)
- 長百姓 (osabyakushō)
- 乙名百姓 (otonabyakushō)
- 隠田百姓 (ondenbyakushō)
- 門百姓 (kadobyakushō)
- 小百姓 (kobyakushō)
- 小前百姓 (komaebyakushō)
- 惣百姓 (sōbyakushō)
- 高持百姓 (takamochibyakushō)
- 潰れ百姓 (tsuburebyakushō)
- 土百姓 (dobyakushō)
- どん百姓 (donbyakushō)
- 被官百姓 (hikanbyakushō)
- 本百姓 (honbyakushō)
- 水呑み百姓 (mizunomibyakushō)
- 脇百姓 (wakibyakushō)
Verb
百姓する • (hyakushō suru) ←ひやくしやう (fyakusyau)? suru (stem 百姓し (hyakushō shi), past 百姓した (hyakushō shita))
- [from 1906] to farm, to till the fields
Conjugation
Conjugation of "百姓する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 百姓し | ひゃくしょうし | hyakushō shi | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 百姓し | ひゃくしょうし | hyakushō shi | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 百姓する | ひゃくしょうする | hyakushō suru | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 百姓する | ひゃくしょうする | hyakushō suru | |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 百姓すれ | ひゃくしょうすれ | hyakushō sure | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 百姓せよ¹ 百姓しろ² | ひゃくしょうせよ¹ ひゃくしょうしろ² | hyakushō seyo¹ hyakushō shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 百姓される | ひゃくしょうされる | hyakushō sareru | |
| Causative | 百姓させる 百姓さす | ひゃくしょうさせる ひゃくしょうさす | hyakushō saseru hyakushō sasu | |
| Potential | 百姓できる | ひゃくしょうできる | hyakushō dekiru | |
| Volitional | 百姓しよう | ひゃくしょうしよう | hyakushō shiyō | |
| Negative | 百姓しない | ひゃくしょうしない | hyakushō shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 百姓せず | ひゃくしょうせず | hyakushō sezu | |
| Formal | 百姓します | ひゃくしょうします | hyakushō shimasu | |
| Perfective | 百姓した | ひゃくしょうした | hyakushō shita | |
| Conjunctive | 百姓して | ひゃくしょうして | hyakushō shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 百姓すれば | ひゃくしょうすれば | hyakushō sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 百 | 姓 |
| はく Grade: 1 | せい Grade: S |
| kan’on | |
Kan'on reading of both characters, influenced by later borrowing from Middle Chinese.[1]
Cited to the mid-Muromachi period, roughly the 1400s.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ha̠kɯ̟ᵝse̞ː]
Noun
百姓 • (hakusei)
- [from the 1400s] (rare) See under Etymology 1
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 百 | 姓 |
| ひゃく Grade: 1 | せい Grade: S |
| goon | kan’on |
Kan'on reading of the second character, influenced by later borrowing from Middle Chinese.[1]
First cited to a text from 1776.[1]
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) ひゃくせー [hyàkúséé] (Heiban – [0])[3]
- IPA(key): [ça̠kɯ̟ᵝse̞ː]
Noun
百姓 • (hyakusei) ←ひやくせい (fyakusei)?
- [1776] (rare) See under Etymology 1
Etymology 4
Non-palatalized variant of hyakushō reading, commonly found in writings from the Heian period through the Muromachi period.[1]
First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of roughly 999 CE.[1]
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Goon
- IPA(key): [ça̠kɯ̟ᵝso̞ː]
Noun
百姓 • (hyakusō) ←ひやくさう (fyakusau)?
- [from 999] (obsolete) See under Etymology 1
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 百 | 姓 |
Noun
百姓 • (baekseong) (hangeul 백성)
- Hanja form? of 백성 (“The populace; the common people”).
Vietnamese
| Hán tự in this term | |
|---|---|
| 百 | 姓 |
Noun
百姓
- chữ Hán form of bá tánh (“the commoners; the common folk; the citizens”).