留守

留守

Chinese

		leave (message); to retain; to stay leave (message); to retain; to stay; to remain; to keep; to preserve	to guard
simp. and trad. (留守)		留	守

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): liúshǒu

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄕㄡˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lau⁴ sau²
• Min Nan (POJ): liû-siú

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: liúshǒu
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄕㄡˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lióushǒu
    • Wade–Giles: liu²-shou³
    • Yale: lyóu-shǒu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lioushoou
    • Palladius: люшоу (ljušou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljoʊ̯³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: lau⁴ sau²
    • Yale: làuh sáu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lau⁴ sau²
    • Guangdong Romanization: leo⁴ seo²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐu̯²¹ sɐu̯³⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liû-siú
    • Tâi-lô: liû-siú
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liusiuo
    • IPA (Xiamen): /liu²⁴⁻²² ɕiu⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liu²⁴⁻²² ɕiu⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liu¹³⁻²² ɕiu⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /liu²⁴⁻¹¹ ɕiu⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liu²³⁻³³ ɕiu⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /lɨu  ɕɨu^X/

Rime
Character	留	守
Reading #	1/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	力求切	書九切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨu/	/ɕɨuX/
Pan Wuyun	/liu/	/ɕiuX/
Shao Rongfen	/liəu/	/ɕiəuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luw/	/ɕuwX/
Li Rong	/liu/	/ɕiuX/
Wang Li	/lĭəu/	/ɕĭəuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯ə̯u/	/ɕi̯ə̯uX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liú	shǒu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lau4	sau2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ru  s-tuʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*m·ru  qʰljuʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	留	守
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liú	shǒu
Middle Chinese	‹ ljuw ›	‹ syuwX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.ru/	/*s-tuʔ/
English	stay, remain	keep, guard
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	留	守
Reading #	1/2	1/2
No.	8882	11666
Phonetic component	卯	守
Rime group	幽	幽
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	劉	首
Old Chinese	/*m·ru/	/*qʰljuʔ/
Notes	說文丣聲誤，金文實卯聲	從宀從寸象掌守護家業之事， 或許肘亦聲

Verb

留守

1. (historical) to act as the monarch during his absence from the capital

   • 呂后年長，常留守，希見上，益疏。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     吕后年长，常留守，希见上，益疏。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Lǚhòu niánzhǎng, cháng liúshǒu, xī jiàn shàng, yì shū. [Pinyin]

     As Empress Lü grew old, she often presided for the Emperor as he toured the country, but she was seldom with him, and their intimacy waned day by day.

2. to stay behind; to remain for military duty while the main forces depart
3. to be left behind

   留守兒童／留守儿童  ―  liúshǒu értóng  ―  left-behind children

   • 鍾儀君子，入就南冠之囚；季孫行人，留守西河之館。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     钟仪君子，入就南冠之囚；季孙行人，留守西河之馆。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 578, Yu Xin (庾信), The Lament for the South (《哀江南賦》)

     Zhōng Yí jūnzǐ, rùjiù nánguān zhī qiú; Jìsūn xíngrén, liúshǒu xīhé zhī guǎn. [Pinyin]

     A junzi like Zhong Yi, I too in captivity remained firm;
     A mere officer, I was left behind as others went back.

Derived terms

留守兒童／留守儿童 (liúshǒu értóng)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
留	守
る Grade: 5	す Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Goon
• (Tokyo) る​す [rúꜜsù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
• IPA^(key): [ɾɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝ]

Noun

留(る)守(す) • (rusu) 

1. absence
   • 1964, Abe Tomoji, “Warai to hangeki [Counter-attack with laughter]”, in Shinchō, volume 61, page 14:

     妻(つま)は彼(かれ)の留(る)守(す)に信(のぶ)貴(たか)から電(でん)話(わ)がかかってきた

     tsuma wa kare no rusu ni Nobutaka kara denwa ga kakatte-kita

     his wife received a phone call from Nobutaka while he was away

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 居(い)留(る)守(す) (irusu): pretending to be absent from home
• 御(お)留(る)守(す) (o-rusu)
• 神(かみ)の留(る)守(す) (kami no rusu)
• 留(る)守(す)居(い) (rusui)
• 留(る)守(す)中(ちゅう) (rusuchū)
• 留(る)守(す)勝(が)ち (rusugachi)
• 留(る)守(す)神(がみ) (rusugami)
• 留(る)守(す)宅(たく) (rusutaku)
• 留(る)守(す)所(どころ) (rusudokoro)
• 留(る)守(す)番(ばん) (rusuban)
• 留(る)守(す)録(ろく) (rusuroku)
• 留(る)守(す)を預(あず)かる (rusu o azukaru)
• 留(る)守(す)を使(つか)う (rusu o tsukau)

Verb

留(る)守(す)する • (rusu suru) suru (stem 留(る)守(す)し (rusu shi), past 留(る)守(す)した (rusu shita))

1. be absent, be out

Conjugation

Conjugation of "留守する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	留守し	るすし	rusu shi
Continuative (連用形)	留守し	るすし	rusu shi
Terminal (終止形)	留守する	るすする	rusu suru
Attributive (連体形)	留守する	るすする	rusu suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	留守すれ	るすすれ	rusu sure
Imperative (命令形)	留守せよ¹ 留守しろ²	るすせよ¹ るすしろ²	rusu seyo¹ rusu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	留守される	るすされる	rusu sareru
Causative	留守させる 留守さす	るすさせる るすさす	rusu saseru rusu sasu
Potential	留守できる	るすできる	rusu dekiru
Volitional	留守しよう	るすしよう	rusu shiyō
Negative	留守しない	るすしない	rusu shinai
Negative continuative	留守せず	るすせず	rusu sezu
Formal	留守します	るすします	rusu shimasu
Perfective	留守した	るすした	rusu shita
Conjunctive	留守して	るすして	rusu shite
Hypothetical conditional	留守すれば	るすすれば	rusu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

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Korean

Hanja in this term
留	守

Noun

留守 • (yusu) (hangeul 유수)

1. Hanja form^? of 유수.