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单词 玉
释义

玉

See also: 王, 𤣩, and 主
玉 U+7389, 玉
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7389
← 玈
[U+7388]		CJK Unified Ideographs玊 →
[U+738A]
⽟ U+2F5F, ⽟
KANGXI RADICAL JADE
← ⽞
[U+2F5E]		Kangxi Radicals⽠ →
[U+2F60]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order
Stroke order
(Japan)

Alternative forms

  • 𤣩 (When used as a radical component)

Han character

玉 (Kangxi radical 96, 玉+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 一土戈 (MGI), four-corner 10103, composition ⿱一圡 or ⿷王丶)

  1. Kangxi radical #96, ⽟.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №6

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/玉
  • 𠇤, 鿑, 𠰧, 𡊩, 𡛼, 𢫛, 𫞂, 𪸛, 砡, 𥩨, 𬗈, 𧉣, 䞝, 𧿷, 𨋔, 𣔣, 鈺(钰), 𩊇, 𩚽, 𩢤, 𪌞
  • 𨚝, 𩿱(𬸃), 𡘇, 宝, 𪰑, 莹, 𬔵, 𧟪, 𦻒, 𩆜, 𮭳, 閠, 㓘, 匤, 国

References

  • KangXi: page 726, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20821
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1135, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1100, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+7389

Chinese

simp. and trad.
玉
alternative forms王
𤣩
𠀛

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 玉
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)Libian (compiled in Qing)Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptionsOracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptAncient scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scriptsClerical scriptMing typeface
Characters in the same phonetic series (玉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
珏*kŋroːɡ
砡*ŋuɡ
匤*kʰoɡ
玉*ŋoɡ
鳿*ŋoɡ
頊*ŋoɡ, *hŋoɡ

The character's shape was historically very similar to 王; a dot was introduced to differentiate the two.

Pictogram (象形) : a picture of a cong (琮), a sort of ritual jade totem.

It is also interpreted as three pieces of jade strung together on a string.

Etymology

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-lu(ŋ/k) (“stone”), which is also compared to 琭 (OC *roːɡ).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): yù (yu4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): yu4 / yu2
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йү (yü, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): juk6, juk6-2
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nguuk5
  • Gan (Wiktionary): y5
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiu̍k
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiug6
  • Jin (Wiktionary): y3
  • Min Bei (KCR): ngṳ̀
  • Min Dong (BUC): nguŏh / ngṳ̆k
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): ge̍k / gia̍k / gio̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghêg8
  • Wu (Wiktionary): nyioq (T5)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): rou6 / y4
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: yù
      • Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: yù
      • Wade–Giles: yü4
      • Yale: yù
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuh
      • Palladius: юй (juj)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: yu4 / yu2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: y / y
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y²¹³/, /y²¹/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йү (yü, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: juk6, juk6-2
      • Yale: yuhk, yúk
      • Cantonese Pinyin: juk9, juk9-2
      • Guangdong Romanization: yug6, yug6-2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /jʊk̚²/, /jʊk̚²⁻³⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: nguuk5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡɵk̚³²/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: y5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /y¹¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiu̍k
      • Hakka Romanization System: ngiug
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ngiug6
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯uk̚⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ngiug6
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲiʊk̚⁵/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: y3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /y⁴⁵/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳ̀
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋy⁴²/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: nguŏh / ngṳ̆k
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋuoʔ⁵/, /ŋyʔ⁵/
Note:
  • nguŏh - vernacular;
  • ngṳ̆k - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ge̍k
      • Tâi-lô: gi̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: gek
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪk̚⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Hui'an)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gia̍k
      • Tâi-lô: gia̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: giak
      • IPA (Hui'an): /ɡiak̚²³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiak̚²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Changtai, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Penang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍k
      • Tâi-lô: gio̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: giok
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /ɡiɔk̚¹⁴/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Penang): /ɡiɔk̚⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡiɔk̚²⁴/
      • IPA (Changtai): /ɡiɔk̚³/
      • IPA (Nan'an, Hui'an): /ɡiɔk̚²³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɔk̚¹²¹/
Note:
  • ge̍k/gia̍k - vernacular;
  • gio̍k - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ghêg8
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ge̍k
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɡek̚⁴/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: nyioq (T5)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲi̯ʊʔ¹²/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: rou6 / y4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʐəu²⁴/, /y⁴⁵/
Note:
  • rou6 - vernacular;
  • y4 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
玉
MandarinBeijing/y⁵¹/
Harbin/y⁵³/
Tianjin/y⁵³/
Jinan/y²¹/
Qingdao/y⁴²/
Zhengzhou/y³¹²/
Xi'an/y²¹/
Xining/y⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/y¹³/
Lanzhou/y¹³/
Ürümqi/y²¹³/
Wuhan/y³⁵/
Chengdu/y¹³/
Guiyang/i²¹³/
Kunming/i²¹²/
Nanjing/y⁴⁴/
Hefei/zz̩ʷ⁵³/
JinTaiyuan/y⁴⁵/
Pingyao/y³⁵/
Hohhot/y⁵⁵/
WuShanghai/ȵioʔ¹/
Suzhou/ȵioʔ³/
Hangzhou/ȵioʔ²/
Wenzhou/ȵo²¹³/
HuiShexian/y²²/
Tunxi/ȵy¹¹/
XiangChangsha/y⁵⁵/
/ʐəu²⁴/
Xiangtan/y⁵⁵/
GanNanchang/y²¹/
HakkaMeixian/ŋiuk̚⁵/
Taoyuan/ŋiuk̚⁵⁵/
CantoneseGuangzhou/jok̚²/
Nanning/juk̚²²/
Hong Kong/juk̚²/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/giɔk̚⁵/
/gik̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/ŋuoʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/ŋy⁴²/
Shantou (Min Nan)/gek̚⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/zi³³/
/zi³⁵/
  • Middle Chinese: /ŋɨok̚/
Rime
Character玉
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)疑 (31)
Final (韻)鍾 (8)
Tone (調)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie魚欲切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ŋɨok̚/
Pan
Wuyun		/ŋiok̚/
Shao
Rongfen		/ŋiok̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ŋuawk̚/
Li
Rong		/ŋiok̚/
Wang
Li		/ŋĭwok̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ŋi̯wok̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		wù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		juk6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)ok/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋoɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character玉
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		yù
Middle
Chinese		‹ ngjowk ›
Old
Chinese		/*[ŋ](r)ok/ (< uvular?)
Englishjade

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character玉
Reading #1/1
No.15971
Phonetic
component		玉
Rime
group		屋
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		玉
Old
Chinese		/*ŋoɡ/

Definitions

玉

  1. jade (originally nephrite, now also including jadeite)
  2. precious stone; gem
  3. pure; beautiful
  4. (honorific) your

Synonyms

  • (jade): (Taiwanese Hokkien) 玉仔

Hyponyms

  • (jade): 瓊／琼 (qióng, “precious jade, esp. red jade”)

Compounds

Derived terms from 玉

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (玉):
  • → Japanese: 玉(ぎょく) (gyoku)
  • → Korean: 옥(玉) (ok)
  • → Vietnamese: ngọc (玉)

Others:

  • → Indonesian: giok (via Min Nan)
  • → Thai: หยก (yòk)

References

  • “玉”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02553

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 玉 – see 鬱 (“lush; luxuriant; exuberant; dense; thick; various; abundant; profuse; etc.”).
(This character, 玉, is the draft (1955) first-round simplified form of 鬱.)
Notes:
  • Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore.
  • Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Japanese

Kanji

玉

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. gem, jewel
  2. beauty, elegance
  3. euphemistic term related to an Emperor of Japan
  4. euphemistic term related to a partner
  5. geisha

Readings

  • Go-on: ごく (goku)
  • Kan-on: ぎょく (gyoku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: たま (tama, 玉, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: おく (oku); きよ (kiyo); ひかる (hikaru)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 玉(ぎょく)音(いん) (gyokuin)
  • 玉(ぎょく)条(じょう) (gyokujō)
  • 玉(ぎょく)楼(ろう) (gyokurō)
  • 玉蜀黍(トウモロコシ) (tōmorokoshi)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
玉
たま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.

Alternative forms

  • 球 (especially preferred in baseball), 珠
  • (bullet): 弾
  • (gem): 璧

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) たま​ [tàmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [ta̠ma̠]

Counter

玉(たま) • (-tama) 

  1. counter for ramen and udon for one person
    冷凍(れいとう)うどん1(ひと)玉(たま)
    reitō udon hito-tama
    one bowl of frozen udon
See also
  • 枚(まい) (mai): counter for zaru soba
  • 杯(はい) (hai): counter for noodles in bowls
  • 束(たば) (taba): counter for set of dried noodles

Noun

玉(たま) • (tama) 

  1. any spherical or similarly-rounded object:
    1. a ball
    2. a orb
    3. a sphere
    4. a bead of an abacus
    5. lens
      Synonym: レンズ (renzu)
    6. a bullet
    7. an egg, especially of a chicken
      Synonyms: 鶏卵 (keiran); 卵, 玉子 (tamago)
  2. a gem, jewel
  3. an object of value
  4. a female entertainer (geisha, prostitute, etc.)
  5. (colloquial) Short for 金玉 (kintama): testicles
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 霊(たま),　魂(たま) (tama, “soul, spirit”)
  • 玉章(たまずさ) (tamazusa)
  • 玉(たま)の緒(お) (tama no o)
  • 一円(いちえん)玉(だま) (ichien-dama)
  • 掻(か)き玉(たま) (kakitama)
  • 金玉(きんたま) (kintama)
  • 薬玉(くすだま) (kusudama)
  • 五円(ごえん)玉(だま) (goen-dama)
  • 五十円(ごじゅうえん)玉(だま) (gojūen-dama)
  • 五(ご)百(ひゃく)円(えん)玉(だま) (gohyakuen-dama)
  • 十円(じゅうえん)玉(だま) (jūen-dama)
  • 射干(ぬば)玉(たま) (nubatama)
  • 百(ひゃく)円(えん)玉(だま) (hyakuen-dama)
  • 曲玉(まがたま), 勾玉(まがたま) (magatama)
  • 藻(モ)玉(ダマ) (modama, “St. Thomas bean”)
Descendants
  • → Korean: 다마 (dama)

Prefix

玉(たま) • (tama-) 

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 玉垣(たまがき) (tamagaki)
  • 玉(たま)櫛(くし)笥(げ),　玉(たま)匣(くしげ) (tamakushige)
  • 玉(たま)砂利(じゃり) (tamajari)
  • 玉(たま)襷(だすき) (tamadasuki)
  • 玉(たま)藻(も) (tamamo)

Proper noun

玉(たま) • (Tama) 

  1. a place name
  2. a female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
玉
ぎょく
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 玉 (MC ŋɨok̚).

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • (Tokyo) ぎょく [gyòkú] (Heiban – [0])[1][2] ​
    • (Tokyo) ぎょ​く [gyóꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2] (a stock being traded)
    • IPA(key): [ɡʲo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

玉(ぎょく) • (gyoku) 

  1. a gem, jewel
  2. generic name for jadeite or nephrite
  3. chicken eggs used as food, especially as a topping for sushi
    Synonym: 鶏卵 (keiran)
  4. a stock being traded
  5. Short for 建て玉 (tategyoku): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
  6. a geisha
    Synonym: 芸者 (geisha)
  7. Short for 玉代 (gyokudai): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 玉(ぎょく)音(おん) (gyokuon)
  • 玉(ぎょく)将(しょう) (gyokushō)
  • 玉(ぎょく)代(だい) (gyokudai)
  • 玉(ぎょく)露(ろ) (gyokuro)
  • 半玉(はんぎょく) (hangyoku)
Idioms
  • 玉(ぎょく)を吞(の)む (gyoku o nomu)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
玉
ぎょく
Grade: 1
on’yomi

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • (Tokyo) ぎょ​く [gyóꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
    • IPA(key): [ɡʲo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

玉(ぎょく) • (gyoku) 

  1. (shogi) king
Derived terms
  • 入(にゅう)玉(ぎょく) (nyūgyoku)

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

玉 (eumhun 구슬 옥 (guseul ok))

  1. Hanja form? of 옥 (“jade”). See there for further compounds.

Compounds

  • 옥편(玉篇) (Okpyeon, “Yupian”)

Vietnamese

Han character

玉: Hán Nôm readings: ngọc

  1. gem; precious stone

Derived terms

  • 玉 (Ngọc)
  • 玉佩 (ngọc bội)
  • 玉兔 (ngọc thỏ, “moon, Jade Rabbit”)
  • 玉堂 (ngọc đường, “imperial palace”)
  • 玉女 (ngọc nữ, “beautiful girl”)
  • 玉照 (ngọc chiếu)
  • 玉版 (ngọc bản)
  • 玉皇 (ngọc hoàng, “Jade Emperor”)
  • 玉石 (ngọc thạch, “jade”)
  • 玉莖 (ngọc hành)
  • 玉蘭 (ngọc lan, “magnolia”)
  • 玉趾 (ngọc chỉ)
  • 玉體 (ngọc thể)
  • 璧玉 (bích ngọc)
  • 白玉 (bạch ngọc, “pearl, white jade”)
  • 紅玉 (hồng ngọc, “ruby”)
  • 金玉 (kim ngọc)
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